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FAQs on Non-Banking Financial Companies

Classification of NBFCs into sub-groups

The new classification norms shall come into effect on the basis of NBFCs Balance Sheet as on March 31, 1999. The classification of an NBFC into a specific sub-group is decided on the basis of its principal business as disclosed in its latest audited Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss Account.

Annual Return on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) under FEMA 1999

Some Useful Definitions

Ans: It covers (1) foreign equity in branches and all shares (except non-participating preference shares) in subsidiaries and associates; (2) contributions such as the provision of machinery, land & building(s) by a direct investor to a DIE by equity participation; (3) acquisition of shares by a DIE in its direct investor company, termed as reverse investment (i.e. claims on DI).

External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) and Trade Credits

G. END-USES

The reimbursement of expenditure incurred in the past is not a permissible end-use under the ECB framework.

Government Securities Market in India – A Primer

If market interest rate levels rise, the price of a bond falls. Conversely, if interest rates or market yields decline, the price of the bond rises. In other words, the yield of a bond is inversely related to its price. The relationship between yield to maturity and coupon rate of bond may be stated as follows:

  • When the market price of the bond is less than the face value, i.e., the bond sells at a discount, YTM > > coupon yield.

  • When the market price of the bond is more than its face value, i.e., the bond sells at a premium, coupon yield > > YTM.

  • When the market price of the bond is equal to its face value, i.e., the bond sells at par, YTM = coupon yield.

Business restrictions imposed on Paytm Payments Bank Limited vide Press Releases dated January 31 and February 16, 2024

Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS)

Yes. You can continue to make payments from your Paytm Payments Bank account through Bharat Bill Payment System upto the balance available in your account. Since you will not be able to credit any further funds into your accounts or wallets with Paytm Payments Bank after March 15, 2024, it is advised that you may make alternative arrangements with another bank account for BBPS before March 15, 2024

Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey – India

Some important definitions and concepts

Ans: When actual market values are not available, an estimate is required. Alternative methods of approximating market value of shareholders’ equity in a direct investment enterprise include the following:

  1. Recent transaction price: Unlisted instruments may trade from time to time, and recent prices, within the past year, at which they were traded may be used. Recent prices are a good indicator of current market values to the extent that conditions are unchanged. This method can be used as long as there has been no material change in the corporation’s position since the transaction date. Recent transaction prices become increasingly misleading as time passes and conditions change.

  2. Net asset value: Appraisals of untraded equity may be conducted by knowledgeable management or directors of the enterprise or provided by independent auditors to obtain total assets at current value less total liabilities (excluding equity) at market value. Valuations should be recent (within the past year) and should preferably include intangible assets.

  3. Present value and price-to-earnings ratios: The present value of unlisted equity can be estimated by discounting the forecast future profits. At its simplest, this method can be approximated by applying a market or industry price-to-earnings ratio to the (smoothed) recent past earnings of the unlisted enterprise to calculate a price. This method is most appropriate in which there is a paucity of balance sheet information but earnings data are more readily available.

  4. Market capitalization method: Book values reported by enterprises can be adjusted at an aggregate level by the statistical compiler. For untraded equity, information on “own funds at book value” can be collected from enterprises, and then adjusted with ratios based on suitable price indicators, such as the ratio of market capitalization to book value for listed companies in the same economy with similar operations. Alternatively, assets that enterprises carry at cost (such as land, plant, equipment, and inventories) can be revalued to current period prices using suitable asset price indices.

  5. Own funds at book value: This method for valuing equity uses the value of the enterprise recorded in the books of the direct investment enterprise, as the sum of (a) paid-up capital (excluding any shares on issue that the enterprise holds in itself and including share premium accounts); (b) all types of reserves identified as equity in the enterprise’s balance sheet (including investment grants when accounting guidelines consider them company reserves); (c) cumulated reinvested earnings; and (d) holding gains or losses included in own funds in the accounts, whether as revaluation reserves or profits or losses. The more frequent the revaluation of assets and liabilities, the closer the approximation to market values. Data that are not revalued for several years may be a poor reflection of market values.

  6. Apportioning global value: The current market value of the global enterprise group can be based on the market price of its shares on the exchange on which its equity is traded, if it is a listed company. Where an appropriate indicator may be identified (e.g., sales, net income, assets, or employment), the global value may be apportioned to each economy in which it has direct investment enterprises, on the basis of that indicator, by making the assumption that the ratio of net market value to sales, net income, assets, or employment is a constant throughout the transnational enterprise group. (Each indicator could yield significantly different results from the others).

Retail Direct Scheme

Nomination related queries

Yes. A Government securities holder may nominate any one as a nominee provided that the nominee should be eligible to invest in the particular loan as per the specific Government Loan Notification.

Domestic Deposits

II. Deposits of Non-Residents Indians (NRIs)

No. A deposit has to run for a minimum stipulated period, which is at present one year for both FCNR(B) and NRE deposits, to be eligible to earn interest.

Indian Currency

C. Different Types of Bank Notes and Security Features of banknotes

Both old and new design notes usually circulate together for a while. The old design notes are then gradually withdrawn from circulation when they become unfit to be re-issued.

Core Investment Companies

Core Investment Companies (CICs)

Ans: The application form for CICs-ND-SI available on the Bank’s website can be downloaded and filled in and submitted to the Regional Office of the DNBS in whose jurisdiction the Company is registered along with necessary supporting documents mentioned in the application form.

All you wanted to know about NBFCs

B. Entities Regulated by RBI and applicable regulations

Yes, the Circular would be applicable and the type of encumbrance created is immaterial.

Foreign Investment in India

Answer: The following persons can acquire capital instruments on the stock exchanges:

  1. FPIs registered with SEBI

  2. NRIs

  3. Other than (a) and (b) above, a person resident outside India, can acquire capital instruments on stock exchange, subject to the condition that the investor has already acquired and continues to hold the control of such company in accordance with SEBI (Substantial Acquisition of Shares and Takeover) Regulations and subject to conditions specified in Annex I of the Master Direction – Foreign Investment in India.

FAQs on Non-Banking Financial Companies

Classification of NBFCs into sub-groups

The NBFCs have been allowed sufficient time to achieve the ratio of 60 per cent of its net assets and derive its net income from these activities taken together. Therefore NBFCs are not expected to face much difficulty in achieving these norms.

Annual Return on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) under FEMA 1999

Some Useful Definitions

Ans: The other capital component (receivables and payables, except equity and participating preference shares investment) of direct investment covers the outstanding liabilities or claims arising due to borrowing and lending of funds, investment in debt securities, trade credits, financial leasing, share application money etc., between direct investors and DIEs and between two DIEs that share the same direct Investor. Non-participating preference shares owned by the direct investor are treated as debt securities & should be included in ‘other capital’.

External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) and Trade Credits

G. END-USES

No. Equity investment either directly or indirectly (through purchase of goodwill) is not permitted.

Government Securities Market in India – A Primer

24.1 An investor who purchases a bond can expect to receive a return from one or more of the following sources:

  • The coupon interest payments made by the issuer;

  • Any capital gain (or capital loss) when the bond is sold/matured; and

  • Income from reinvestment of the interest payments that is interest-on-interest.

The three yield measures commonly used by investors to measure the potential return from investing in a bond are briefly described below:

i) Coupon Yield

24.2 The coupon yield is simply the coupon payment as a percentage of the face value. Coupon yield refers to nominal interest payable on a fixed income security like G-Sec. This is the fixed return the Government (i.e., the issuer) commits to pay to the investor. Coupon yield thus does not reflect the impact of interest rate movement and inflation on the nominal interest that the Government pays.

Coupon yield = Coupon Payment / Face Value

Illustration:

Coupon: 8.24
Face Value: ₹100
Market Value: ₹103.00
Coupon yield = 8.24/100 = 8.24%

ii) Current Yield

24.3 The current yield is simply the coupon payment as a percentage of the bond’s purchase price; in other words, it is the return a holder of the bond gets against its purchase price which may be more or less than the face value or the par value. The current yield does not take into account the reinvestment of the interest income received periodically.

Current yield = (Annual coupon rate / Purchase price) X100

Illustration:

The current yield for a 10 year 8.24% coupon bond selling for ₹103.00 per ₹100 par value is calculated below:

Annual coupon interest = 8.24% x ₹100 = ₹8.24

Current yield = (8.24/103) X 100 = 8.00%

The current yield considers only the coupon interest and ignores other sources of return that will affect an investor’s return.

iii) Yield to Maturity

24.4 Yield to Maturity (YTM) is the expected rate of return on a bond if it is held until its maturity. The price of a bond is simply the sum of the present values of all its remaining cash flows. Present value is calculated by discounting each cash flow at a rate; this rate is the YTM. Thus, YTM is the discount rate which equates the present value of the future cash flows from a bond to its current market price. In other words, it is the internal rate of return on the bond. The calculation of YTM involves a trial-and-error procedure. A calculator or software can be used to obtain a bond’s YTM easily (please see the Box III).

BOX III

YTM Calculation

YTM could be calculated manually as well as using functions in any standard spread sheet like MS Excel.

Manual (Trial and Error) Method

Manual or trial and error method is complicated because G-Secs have many cash flows running into future. This is explained by taking an example below.

Take a two year security bearing a coupon of 8% and a price of say ₹ 102 per face value of ₹ 100; the YTM could be calculated by solving for ‘r’ below. Typically, it involves trial and error by taking a value for ‘r’ and solving the equation and if the right hand side is more than 102, take a higher value of ‘r’ and solve again. Linear interpolation technique may also be used to find out exact ‘r’ once we have two ‘r’ values so that the price value is more than 102 for one and less than 102 for the other value.

102 = 4/(1+r/2)1+ 4/(1+r/2)2 + 4/(1+r/2)3 + 104/(1+r/2)4

Spread Sheet Method using MS Excel

In the MS Excel programme, the following function could be used for calculating the yield of periodically coupon paying securities, given the price.

YIELD (settlement,maturity,rate,price,redemption,frequency,basis)

Wherein;

Settlement is the security's settlement date. The security settlement date is the date on which the security and funds are exchanged. Maturity is the security's maturity date. The maturity date is the date when the security expires.

Rate is the security's annual coupon rate.

Price is the security's price per ₹100 face value.

Redemption is the security's redemption value per ₹100 face value.

Frequency is the number of coupon payments per year. (2 for Government bonds in India)

Basis is the type of day count basis to use. (4 for Government bonds in India which uses 30/360 basis)

Business restrictions imposed on Paytm Payments Bank Limited vide Press Releases dated January 31 and February 16, 2024

Aadhar enabled Payment System (AePS)

Yes. You can continue to withdraw using the AePS authentication, upto the balance available in your account.

Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey – India

Contact Details for query related to CPIS

Ans: Queries/clarifications on CPIS may be sought from the RBI at the following address:

International Investment Position Division (IIPD)
Department of Statistics and Information Management (DSIM)
Reserve Bank of India
C-9/5 th Floor, Bandra - Kurla Complex, Bandra East
Mumbai, Maharashtra – 400 051

Email : cpis@rbi.org.in

Government Securities Market in India – A Primer

Day count convention refers to the method used for arriving at the holding period (number of days) of a bond to calculate the accrued interest. As the use of different day count conventions can result in different accrued interest amounts, it is appropriate that all the participants in the market follow a uniform day count convention.

For example, the conventions followed in Indian market are given below.

Bond market: The day count convention followed is 30/360, which means that irrespective of the actual number of days in a month, the number of days in a month is taken as 30 and the number of days in a year is taken as 360.

Money market: The day count convention followed is actual/365, which means that the actual number of days in a month is taken for number of days (numerator) whereas the number of days in a year is taken as 365 days. Hence, in the case of T-Bills, which are essentially money market instruments, money market convention is followed.

In some countries, participants use actual/actual, some countries use actual/360 while some use 30/actual. Hence the convention changes in different countries and in different markets within the same country (eg. Money market convention is different than the bond market convention in India).

Core Investment Companies

Core Investment Companies (CICs)

Ans: The NBFC would have to apply to RBI with full details of the plan and exemptions could be considered on a selective basis on the merits of the case.

Retail Direct Scheme

Nomination related queries

In such cases where a nomination in respect of a Government security has been made in favour of two and either or any of the nominees is dead, the surviving nominee will be entitled to the Government security and payment thereon.

Domestic Deposits

II. Deposits of Non-Residents Indians (NRIs)

Yes. Whenever the due dates fall on Saturday/Sunday/non-business working day/holidays, banks are permitted to pay interest on NRE and FCNR(B) deposits at the originally contracted rate for the intervening period between the due date and date of payment so that no interest loss is suffered by the depositors.

Indian Currency

C. Different Types of Bank Notes and Security Features of banknotes

Central banks the world over change the design of their banknotes and introduce new security features primarily to make counterfeiting difficult and to stay ahead of counterfeiters. India also follows the same policy.

All you wanted to know about NBFCs

B. Entities Regulated by RBI and applicable regulations

No, the definition of “companies is a group” is only for the purpose of determining the applicability of prudential norms on multiple NBFCs in a group.

Foreign Investment in India

Answer: The capital instrument has to be issued by the Indian company within sixty days from the date of receipt of the consideration.

FAQs on Non-Banking Financial Companies

Classification of NBFCs into sub-groups

The NBFCs are entitled to depreciation benefits as a lessor on the assets leased out by them. The Guidance Note on Accounting for Leases issued by ICAI may entail creation of lease equalisation account/lease adjustment account. As per accounting practice, the entire amount of lease rentals is shown as gross lease income on the credit side of the profit and loss account. The income from equipment leasing, therefore, has to be computed on the basis of gross lease income net of depreciation on assets leased out and the lease equalisation account, if any. In the case of hire purchase finance, only the component of finance charges is taken to the Profit and Loss Account and therefore, such finance charges will be taken as hire purchase finance income. The composition of assets in the equipment leasing and hire purchase finance activities has to be worked out as a percentage of the total assets net of depreciation and net of lease adjustment account, if any, as disclosed in the audited Balance Sheet of the company. Hire purchase assets should be taken as stock on hire less unmatured finance charges. The sum total of debit balance in Profit and Loss Account, deferred revenue expenditure and intangible assets like Goodwill will also be excluded from the total assets.

Annual Return on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) under FEMA 1999

Some Useful Definitions

Ans: An enterprise is said to have a centre of economic interest and to be a resident unit of a country (economic territory) when the enterprise is engaged in a significant amount of production of goods and/or services in that centre or when it owns land or buildings located in that centre. The enterprise must maintain at least one production establishment in the country and must plan to operate the establishment indefinitely or over a long period of time.

Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey – India

updated: डिसें 01, 2023

Special instructions for banks

Ans: No, investments made by branches of your bank located outside India should not be included in CPIS.

External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) and Trade Credits

G. END-USES

No, it is not permitted.

Business restrictions imposed on Paytm Payments Bank Limited vide Press Releases dated January 31 and February 16, 2024

Money Transfer through UPI/ IMPS

No. You cannot transfer the money into your Paytm Payments Bank account after March 15, 2024

Foreign Investment in India

Answer: If the capital instruments are not issued by the Indian company within sixty days from the date of receipt of the consideration, the amount so received has to be refunded to the person concerned by outward remittance, through banking channels or by credit to his NRE/ FCNR (B) accounts, as the case may be, within fifteen days from the date of completion of sixty days.

Domestic Deposits

III. Advances

Banks are free to fix Benchmark Prime Lending Rate (BPLR) for credit limits over Rs.2 lakhs with the approval of their respective Boards. BPLR has to be declared and made uniformly applicable at all the branches. The banks may authorize their Asset-Liability Management Committee (ALCO) to fix interest rates on Deposits and Advances, subject to their reporting to the Board immediately thereafter. The banks should also declare maximum spread over the BPLR with the approval of the ALCO/Board for all advances.

Indian Currency

C. Different Types of Bank Notes and Security Features of banknotes

The security features in MG Series 2005 and MG (New) Series banknotes are as under:

i. Security Thread: The silver coloured machine-readable security thread in ₹10, ₹20 and ₹50 denomination banknotes is windowed on front side and fully embedded on reverse side. The thread fluoresces in yellow on both sides under ultraviolet light. The thread appears as a continuous line from behind when held up against light. ₹100 and above denomination banknotes have machine-readable windowed security thread with colour shift from green to blue when viewed from different angles. It fluoresces in yellow on the reverse and the text will fluoresce on the obverse under ultraviolet light.

ii. Intaglio Printing: The portrait of Mahatma Gandhi, Reserve Bank seal, Guarantee and promise clause, Ashoka Pillar emblem, RBI’s Governor's signature and the identification mark for the visually impaired persons are printed in intaglio in denominations ₹100 and above.

iii. See through register: On the left side of the note, a part of the numeral of each denomination is printed on the obverse (front) and the other part on the reverse. The accurate back to back registration makes the numeral appear as one when viewed against light.

iv. Water Mark and electrotype watermark: The banknotes contain the portrait of Mahatma Gandhi in the watermark window with a light and shade effect and multi-directional lines. An electrotype mark showing the denominational numeral in each denomination banknote also appears in the watermark widow and these can be viewed better when the banknote is held against light.

v. Colour Shifting Ink: The numeral 200, 500 & 2000 on the ₹200, ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes are printed in a colour-shifting ink. The colour of these numerals appears green when the banknotes are held flat but would change to blue when the banknotes are held at an angle.

vi. Fluorescence: The number panels of the banknotes are printed in fluorescent ink. The banknotes also have dual coloured optical fibres. Both can be seen when the banknotes are exposed to ultra-violet lamp.

vii. Latent Image: In the banknotes of ₹20 and above in the MG-2005 Series, the vertical band next to the (right side) Mahatma Gandhi’s portrait contains a latent image, showing the denominational value as the case may be. The value can be seen only when the banknote is held horizontally and light allowed to fall on it; otherwise this feature appears only as a vertical band. In the MG (New) Series banknotes, the latent image exists in denominations ₹100 and above.

viii. Micro letterings: This feature appears at different places on the banknotes and can be seen better under a magnifying glass.

ix. Additional Features introduced since 2015

• New Numbering Pattern

The numerals in both the number panels of the banknotes are in ascending size from left to right while the first three alpha-numeric characters (prefix) will remain constant in size.

• Angular Bleed Lines and Increase in the size of Identification Marks

Angular Bleed Lines have been introduced in banknotes - 4 lines in 2 blocks in ₹100, 4 angular bleed lines with two circles in between in ₹200, 5 lines in 3 blocks in ₹500, 7 in ₹2000. In addition, the size of the identification marks in denominations ₹100 and above have been increased by 50 percent.

Information about the above security features present in the Indian banknotes denomination-wise is also available on the website www.rbi.org.in>>press releases. Alternately, information can also be accessed from /en/web/rbi/-/notifications/master-circular-detection-and-impounding-of-counterfeit-notes-11610

Core Investment Companies

Core Investment Companies (CICs)

Ans: CICs need not meet the principal business criteria for NBFCs.

All you wanted to know about NBFCs

B. Entities Regulated by RBI and applicable regulations

Yes, prior approval would be required in all cases of acquisition/ transfer of shareholding of 26 per cent or more of the paid up equity capital of an NBFC. In case of intra-group transfers, NBFCs shall submit an application, on the company letter head, for obtaining prior approval of the Bank. Based on the application of the NBFC, it would be decided, on a case to case basis, whether the NBFC requires to submit the documents as prescribed at para 3 of DNBR (PD) CC.No. 065/03.10.001/2015-16 dated July 9, 2015 for processing the application of the company. In cases where approval is granted without the documents, the NBFC would be required to submit the same after the process of transfer is complete.

FAQs on Non-Banking Financial Companies

Classification of NBFCs into sub-groups

The NBFCs in the category of equipment leasing and hire purchase finance companies are allowed higher leveraging of their NOF for accepting public deposits as compared to the loan and investment companies. As a result, the classification into sub-groups of the NBFCs is relevant only for the purpose of ceiling on public deposits.

Retail Direct Scheme

Investment and Account holdings related queries

While the primary auctions are conducted generally on specified days of the week as given in the table below, these days may differ due to holidays or other considerations. Half yearly indicative calendars are published on RBI website for Government of India’s dated securities and Sovereign Gold Bonds whereas quarterly indicative calendars are published for Treasury Bills and State Development loans. For details visit /en/web/rbi

S. No. Government security Primary auction usually held on
1 Government of India Treasury Bills (T-Bills) Wednesdays
2 Government of India dated securities (dated G-Sec) Fridays
3 State Development Loans (SDLs) Tuesdays
4 Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGB) Weekly windows announced by RBI in its press release

Annual Return on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) under FEMA 1999

Some Useful Definitions

Ans:

Foreign Subsidiary: An Indian entity is called as a Foreign Subsidiary if a non-resident investor owns more than 50% of the voting power/equity capital OR where a non-resident investor and its subsidiary(s) combined own more than 50% of the voting power/equity capital of an Indian enterprise.

Foreign Associate: An Indian entity is called as Foreign Associate if non-resident investor owns at least 10% and no more than 50% of the voting power/equity capital OR where non-resident investor and its subsidiary(s) combined own at least 10% but no more than 50% of the voting power/equity capital of an Indian enterprise.

Special Purpose Vehicle: A special purpose Vehicle (SPV) is a legal entity (usually a limited company of some type or, sometimes, a limited partnership) created to fulfil narrow, specific or temporary objectives. SPV have little or no employment, or operations, or physical presence in the jurisdiction in which they are created by their parent enterprises, which are typically located in other jurisdictions (economies). They are often used as devices to raise capital or to hold assets and liabilities and usually do not undertake significant production.

External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) and Trade Credits

G. END-USES

Refinancing of Rupee denominated ECB with Foreign Currency denominated ECB is not permitted.

Government Securities Market in India – A Primer

It is calculated as per the following formula

T- Bill calculated

Business restrictions imposed on Paytm Payments Bank Limited vide Press Releases dated January 31 and February 16, 2024

Money Transfer through UPI/ IMPS

Yes. You can withdraw your money from Paytm Payments Bank account through UPI/ IMPS upto the balance available in your account.

Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey – India

updated: डिसें 01, 2023

Special instructions for banks

Ans: Yes, it should be included.

Government Securities Market in India – A Primer

27.1 Duration (also known as Macaulay Duration) of a bond is a measure of the time taken to recover the initial investment in present value terms. In simplest form, duration refers to the payback period of a bond to break even, i.e., the time taken for a bond to repay its own purchase price. Duration is expressed in number of years. A step by step approach for working out duration is given in the Box IV below.

Box: IV

Calculation for Duration

First, each of the future cash flows is discounted to its respective present value for each period. Since the coupons are paid out every six months, a single period is equal to six months and a bond with two years maturity will have four time periods.

Second, the present values of future cash flows are multiplied with their respective time periods (these are the weights). That is the PV of the first coupon is multiplied by 1, PV of second coupon by 2 and so on.

Third, the above weighted PVs of all cash flows is added and the sum is divided by the current price (total of the PVs in step 1) of the bond. The resultant value is the duration in no. of periods. Since one period equals to six months, to get the duration in no. of year, divide it by two. This is the time period within which the bond is expected to pay back its own value if held till maturity.

Illustration:

Taking a bond having 2 years maturity, and 10% coupon, and current price of ₹101.79, the cash flows will be (prevailing 2 year yield being 9%):

Time period (half year) 1 2 3 4 Total
Inflows (₹) 5 5 5 105
PV at a yield of 9% 4.78 4.58 4.38 88.05 101.79
PV*time 4.78 9.16 13.14 352.20 379.28

Duration in number of periods = 379.28/101.79 = 3.73

Duration in years = 3.73/2 = 1.86 years

More formally, duration refers to:

  1. The weighted average term (time from now to payment) of a bond's cash flows or of any series of linked cash flows.

  2. The higher the coupon rate of a bond, the shorter the duration (if the term of the bond is kept constant).

  3. Duration is always less than or equal to the overall life (to maturity) of the bond.

  4. Only a zero coupon bond (a bond with no coupons) will have duration equal to its maturity.

What is Modified Duration?

27.2 Modified duration (MD) is a modified version of Macaulay Duration. It refers to the change in value of the security to one per cent change in interest rates (Yield). The formula is

Illustration

In the above example given in Box IV, MD = 1.86/(1+0.09/2) = 1.78

Duration is useful primarily as a measure of the sensitivity of a bond's market price to interest rate (i.e., yield) movements. It is approximately equal to the percentage change in price for one percent change in yield. For example the duration is the approximate percentage by which the value of the bond will fall for a 1% per annum increase in market interest rate. So, a 15-year bond with a duration of 7 years would fall approximately 7% in value if the interest rate increased by 1% per annum. In other words, duration is the elasticity of the bond's price with respect to interest rates. This ignores convexity explained in para 24.7

What is PV 01?

27.3 PV01 describes the actual change in price of a bond if the yield changes by one basis point (equal to one hundredth of a percentage point). It is the present value impact of 1 basis point (0.01%) (1%=100 bps) movement in interest rate. It is often used as a price alternative to duration (a time measure). Higher the PV01, the higher would be the volatility (sensitivity of price to change in yield).

Illustration

From the modified duration (given in the illustration under 27.2), we know that the security value will change by 1.78% for a change of 100 basis point (1%) change in the yield. In value terms that is equal to 1.78*(101.79/100) = ₹ 1.81.

Hence the PV01 = 1.81/100 = ₹0.018, which is 1.8 paise. Thus, if the yield of a bond with a Modified Duration of 1.78 years moves from say 9% to 9.05% (5 basis points), the price of the bond moves from ₹101.79 to ₹101.70 (reduction of 9 paise, i.e., 5x1.8 paise).

What is Convexity?

27.4 Calculation of change in price for change in yields based on duration works only for small changes in yields. This is because the relationship between bond price and yield is not strictly linear. Over large variations in yields, the relationship is curvilinear i.e., the reduction in option free bond price is less than the change calculated based only on duration for yield increase, and increase in option free bond price will be more than the change calculated based only on duration for yield decrease. This is measured by a concept called convexity, which is the change in duration of a bond due to change in the yield of the bond.

Indian Currency

C. Different Types of Bank Notes and Security Features of banknotes

In addition to the security features listed above, banknotes issued after introduction of MG series-2005 have the year of printing on the reverse of the banknotes which is not present in the pre-2005 series.

Core Investment Companies

Core Investment Companies (CICs)

Ans: A holding company not meeting the criteria for a CIC laid down in para 2 of Notification No DNBS. (PD) 219/CGM(US)-2011 dated January 5, 2011 would require to register as an NBFC. However, if such company wishes to register as CIC-ND-SI/ be exempted as CIC, it would have to apply to RBI with an action plan achievable within the specific period to reorganize its business as CIC. If it is not able to do so, it would need to comply with NBFC requirements and prudential norms.

All you wanted to know about NBFCs

B. Entities Regulated by RBI and applicable regulations

Reserve Bank of India has deregulated interest rates to be charged to borrowers by financial institutions (other than NBFC- Micro Finance Institution). The rate of interest to be charged by the company is governed by the terms and conditions of the loan agreement entered into between the borrower and the NBFCs. However, the NBFCs have to be transparent and the rate of interest and manner of arriving at the rate of interest to different categories of borrowers should be disclosed to the borrower or customer in the application form and communicated explicitly in the sanction letter etc.

Foreign Investment in India

Answer: In case of transfer of shares between a resident buyer and a non-resident seller or vice-versa, not more than twenty five per cent of the total consideration can be paid by the buyer on a deferred basis, within a period not exceeding eighteen months from the date of the transfer agreement. The amount deferred can also be either in the form of an indemnity or an Escrow. In all cases, the pricing guidelines should be complied with.

Retail Direct Scheme

Investment and Account holdings related queries

G-Secs are credit risk free instruments in domestic currency. However, there are market risks if you sell before maturity. You may refer to ‘Government Securities Market- A primer’, published on RBI website, to understand various risks associated with government securities.

Annual Return on Foreign Liabilities and Assets (FLA) under FEMA 1999

Some Useful Definitions

Ans: Participating preference shares are those shares which have one or more of the following rights:

(a) To receive dividend, out of surplus profit after paying the dividend to equity shareholders.

(b) To have share in surplus assets remaining after the entire capital is paid in case of winding up of the company.

On the other hand, non-participating preference shares are those shares which do not have any of the above said rights.

External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) and Trade Credits

G. END-USES

Yes. ECB proceeds can be utilized for overseas investment as permitted under the overseas investment guidelines.

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