The level of foreign exchange reserves has steadily increased from US$ 5.8 billion as at end-March 1991 to US$ 76.1 billion by end-March 2003 and further to US$ 113.0 billion by end-March 2004 (Table 1). Although both US dollar and Euro are intervention currencies, the foreign exchange reserves are denominated and expressed in US dollar only.

Note: 1. FCA (Foreign Currency Assets): FCA is maintained as a multicurrency portfolio, comprising major currencies, such as, US dollar, Euro, Pound sterling, Japanese yen, etc. and is valued in US dollars.

2. SDR: Values in SDR have been indicated in parentheses.

3. Gold: Physical stock has remained unchanged at approximately 357 tonnes.

4. RTP refers to Reserve Tranche Position in IMF

India’s foreign exchange reserves have grown significantly since 1991. The reserves, which stood at US$ 5.8 billion at end-March 1991 increased gradually to US$ 25.2 billion by end-March 1995. The growth continued in the second half of the 1990s, with the reserves touching the level of US$ 38.0 billion by end-March 2000. Subsequently, the reserves rose to US$ 54.1 billion by end-March 2002, US$ 76.1 billion by end-March 2003 and further to US$ 113.0 billion by end-March 2004 (Chart 1). It may be mentioned that forex reserves data prior to 2002-03 do not include Reserve Tranche Position (RTP) in IMF, as RTP has been included as part of the forex reserves only recently. Table 2 details the major sources of accretion to foreign exchange reserves during the period from March 1991 to March 2003.

The increase in foreign exchange reserves in the recent period has been on account of capital and other inflows. Major sources of increase in foreign exchange reserves have been: (a) Foreign investment (b) Banking capital (c) Short-term credit (d) Other items under capital account, and (e) Valuation changes in reserves. Table 3 presents sources of accretion to reserves during financial year 2003-04.

(US $ billion)

* Includes outflow of US$ 4.2 billion on account of repayment of principal amount of the Resurgent India Bonds (RIB).

An analysis of the sources of reserves accretion during the entire reform period from 1991 onwards reveals that the increase in forex reserves has been facilitated by an increase in the annual quantum of foreign direct investment (FDI) from US $ 129 million in 1991-92 to US$ 4.7 billion in 2002-03. During the financial year 2003-04, the quantum of FDI inflows into India was of the order of US$ 4.5 billion. Outstanding NRI deposits increased from US$ 13.7 billion at end-March 1991 to US$ 33.2 billion at end-March 2004. FII investments into the Indian capital market, which commenced in January 1993 have shown significant increase over the subsequent years. Cumulative net FII investments, increased from US$ 827 million at end-December 1993 to US$ 25.8 billion at end-March 2004. Turning to the current account, India’s exports which were US$ 17.9 billion during 1991-92 increased to US$ 61.7 billion in 2003-04. Invisibles, such as, private remittances have also contributed significantly to the current account. Net invisibles inflows increased from US$ 1.6 billion in 1991-92 to US$ 25.4 billion in 2003-04. India’s current account balance which was in deficit of 3.1 per cent of GDP in 1990-91 turned into a surplus of 0.7 per cent in 2002-03. A surplus of US $ 8.7 billion (1.4 per cent of GDP) was posted in the current account during the financial year 2003-04, driven mainly by the surplus in the invisibles account

The accretion of foreign exchange reserves needs to be seen in the light of total external liabilities of the country.

India’s International Investment Position (IIP), which is a summary record of the stock of country’s external financial assets and liabilities is available as of March 2003 (Table 4).

P: Provisional

Source: Official website of Reserve Bank of India (http://www.rbi.org.in)

The significant increase in forex reserves enabled prepayment of certain high-cost foreign currency loans of the Government of India from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank (IBRD) amounting to US$ 3.03 billion during February 2003. During 2003-04, prepayment of certain high cost loans to IBRD and ADB amounting to US$ 2.6 billion was carried out by the Government. Additionally, prepayment of bilateral loans amounting to US$ 1.1 million was also made. Thus, the total quantum of prepayments was of the order of US$ 3.7 billion during 2003-04.

Resurgent India Bonds (RIB) were redeemed on October 1, 2003. RBI had put in place arrangements, in close coordination with State Bank of India to ensure that redemption of these bonds was carried out smoothly, in time and without causing any impact on domestic liquidity, money market or on the foreign exchange market. The total amount of redemption, inclusive of the interest component was of the order of US$ 5.2 billion.

International Monetary Fund (IMF) designated India as a creditor under its Financial Transaction Plan (FTP) in February 2003, in terms of which India participated in the IMF’s financial support to Burundi in March-May 2003, with a contribution of SDR 5 million and to Brazil in June-September 2003 with SDR 350 million. In December 2003, SDR 43 million was made available to Indonesia under FTP. Thus, the total quantum of India’s contribution under FTP was SDR 398 million at end-March 2004.

Adequacy of reserves has emerged as an important parameter in gauging its ability to absorb external shocks. With the changing profile of capital flows, the traditional approach of assessing reserve adequacy in terms of import cover has been broadened to include a number of parameters which take into account the size, composition and risk profiles of various types of capital flows as well as the types of external shocks to which the economy is vulnerable. The High Level Committee on Balance of Payments, which was chaired by Dr. C. Rangarajan, erstwhile Governor of Reserve Bank of India, had suggested that, while determining the adequacy of reserves, due attention should be paid to payment obligations, in addition to the traditional measure of import cover of 3 to 4 months. In 1997, the Report of Committee on Capital Account Convertibility under the chairmanship of Mr. S.S.Tarapore suggested four alternative measures of adequacy of reserves which, in addition to trade- based indicators, also included money-based and debt-based indicators.

In the more recent period, assessment of reserve adequacy has been influenced by the introduction of new measures that are particularly relevant for emerging market countries like India. One such measure requires that the usable foreign exchange reserves should exceed scheduled amortisation of foreign currency debts (assuming no rollovers) during the following year. The other one is based on a "Liquidity at Risk" rule that takes into account the foreseeable risks that a country could face. This approach requires that a country's foreign exchange liquidity position could be calculated under a range of possible outcomes for relevant financial variables, such as, exchange rates, commodity prices, credit spreads etc.. Reserve Bank of India has done exercises based on intuition and risk models in order to estimate "Liquidity at Risk (LAR)" of the reserves.

The traditional trade-based indicator of reserve adequacy, viz, import cover of reserves, which fell to a low of 3 weeks of imports at end-December 1990, rose to 11.3 months of imports at end-March 2002 and increased further to around 14 months of imports or about five years of debt servicing at end-march 2003. At end-March 2004, the import cover of reserves was of 17.0 months. The ratio of short-term debt to foreign exchange reserves declined from 146.5 per cent at end-March 1991 to 6.1 per cent at end-March 2003 and further to 4.2 per cent at end-March 2004. Similarly, the ratio of volatile capital flows (defined to include cumulative portfolio inflows and short-term debt) to reserves declined from 146.6 per cent as at end-March 1991 to 36.0 per cent as at end-March 2004.

8. Investment Pattern and Earnings from Foreign Exchange Reserves

The foreign exchange reserves are invested in multi-currency, multi-market portfolios as per the existing norms, which are similar to international practices in this regard . As at end-March 2004, out of the total foreign currency assets of US$ 107.4 billion, US$ 35.0 billion was invested in securities, US $ 45.9 billion was deposited with other central banks & BIS and US$ 26.5 billion was in the form of deposits with foreign commercial banks. (Table 5)

During the year 2002-03 (July-June), the return on foreign currency assets decreased to 2.8 per cent from 4.1 per cent during 2001-02, mainly because of lower international interest rates.