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Contents

Sr. No.  
Chapter I: India’s Digital Revolution: Opportunities and Challenges
1. Introduction
2.  The State of Play
3.  Expanding the Opportunities Frontier
4.  Future Shocks: Digitalisation’s Challenges
5.  Digitalisation and the Reserve Bank of India
6.  Concluding Observations
Chapter II: Digitalisation and Financial Innovation
1.  Introduction
2.  Financial Innovations: Conceptual Framework and Economic Facilitators
3.  Financial Innovations: Adoption by India’s Financial Institutions and Customers
4.  Collaboration of FinTechs and BigTechs with Financial Institutions (Banks and NBFCs)
5.  Digital Lending
6.  Financial Innovations: Implications for the Banking Sector
7.  Regulatory Concerns and Policy Initiatives
8.  Concluding Observations
Chapter III: Digitalisation and Payment Revolution in India
1.  Introduction
2.  Evolution of Digital Payment Systems: A Cross-country Analysis
3.  The Digital Payment Revolution in India
4. Impact of Digital Payments
5. Challenges in the Digital Payments Landscape and Way Forward
6.  Concluding Observations
Chapter IV: Open Economy Digitalisation: Challenges and Opportunities
1.  Introduction
2.  India’s Journey towards Open Economy Digitalisation
3. Internationalisation of Digital Public Infrastructure
4. Data Embassies and India’s Potential
5.  Challenges to Open Economy Digitalisation
6.  Concluding Observations
Chapter V: Digitalisation - Tackling Emerging Risks and Challenges
 1. Introduction
2.  Opportunities and Risks of Digitalisation: Insights from a Survey of Banks and NBFCs
3.  Digitalisation and Customer Behaviour
4.  Digitalisation: Financial Stability and Macroeconomic Implications
5.  Concluding Observations
 
LIST OF BOXES
Sr. No.  
I.1 History of India’s Digitalisation
I.2 Role of Digitalisation in India’s Future Growth Path
I.3 Regulation-Innovation Nexus: Peer-to-peer Lending in India
II.1 The Impact of Digitalisation on Efficiency of Banks
II.2 Bank Risk in the Digital Age
II.3 Financial Innovations and Financial Market Liquidity
III.1 Determinants of Adoption of Digital Payment Technology: A Cross-country Analysis
III.2 Impact of Digital Payments on Money Demand
IV.1 Do India’s Services Exports Defy the Gravity Model?
IV.2 Cost of Remittances to India – The Case for Digital Disruption
IV.3 Factors Influencing the Adoption of CBDCs
V.1 Data Collection Practices of Banking and FinTech Apps: Assessing the Necessity and Scope
V.2 Impact of Digitalisation on Monetary Policy Transmission
 
LIST OF TABLES
Sr. No.  
I.1 Composition of Employees in Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs)
II.1 Products that Exited the Regulatory Sandbox and Adopted Commercially
III.1 Payments Infrastructure Development Fund (PIDF)
III.2 Consumer Digital Payments Awareness - by States
III.3 Gains from DBT and Other Governance Reforms of the Union Government
IV.1 Granger Causality Test Results between Digitalisation and Cross-Border Digital Trade in Services
IV.2 Scenario Assumptions for India’s Digital Trade Estimates
IV.3a India’s Trade Agreements with e-Commerce/Digital Trade Provisions
IV.3b India’s Trade Agreement with e-Commerce/Digital Trade Chapters
IV.4 Global Finance – Key Indicators
IV.5 Ways to Internationalise the INR
IV.6 Major Leading Digital Public Infrastructure and Digital Public Goods in India
IV.7 Key Learnings from Cross-Country DPIs
IV.8 Roadmap to Enhance Cross-Border Payments: Global Targets to be Achieved by end – 2027
V.1 FinTechs and Financial Stability
 
LIST OF CHARTS
Sr. No.  
I.1 Size of the Core Digital Economy in Select Countries
I.2 Region-wise Cashless Payments
I.3 Growth in Global FinTech Ecosystem
I.4 Digitally Connected Population in India
I.5 Trends in Digital Enablers in India
I.6 India Stack – Schematic Presentation
I.7 Jan Dhan Beneficiaries and RuPay Cards
I.8 e-Delivery of Government Services in India by Sector
I.9 Payment Infrastructure
I.10 Global Footprint of India’s DPI
I.11 Global Trends in Bank Account Ownership
I.12 Global Trends in Mobile Money Account Ownership
I.13 Strides in India’s Financial Inclusion
I.14 Digital Penetration – Lower-Income States Catching Up
I.15 Cumulative Gram Panchayats Connected through BharatNet
I.16 Digital Literacy Program Beneficiaries
I.17 Gender-wise Adoption of Digital Enablers
I.18 Gender Divide Goes Down in India
I.19 Direct Benefit Transfers in India
I.20 Composition of Outstanding Loans
I.21 Integration of Mandis with the e-NAM Platform
I.22 Distribution of Kisan Credit Card among Agricultural Households
I.23 Progress in Digitisation of Land Records
I.24 Usage of Electronic Media by Farmers
I.25 Digitally Enabled Cross-border Flows in India
I.26 Composition of Power Sector in India
I.27 Role of ICT in Inflation in India
I.28 India’s e-Commerce Market – Projected Growth
I.29 Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of UPI Applications
I.30 Security Incidents in India
I.31 Industry-wise Distribution of Cyber Attacks India - 2023
I.32 Global Average Data Breach Costs
I.33 Complaints under RB-IOS, 2022-2023
I.34 Dark Patterns
I.35 Privacy Practices in FinTech Applications
I.36 Top 10 Countries in Embedded Finance Revenue, 2022
I.37 Affordability and Speed of Internet Services
I.38 Average Employee Turnover Rates in SCBs - 2022-23
I.39 Relative AI Skill Penetration Rate
I.40 Adoption of Fintech-specific Regulations Worldwide
I.41 Artificial Intelligence - Global Landscape
II.1 Financial Innovations – A Conceptual Framework
II.2 India’s GDP Growth
II.3 Consumption and Bank Credit
II.4 Maturity Profile of Loans and Advances by SCBs
II.5 Share in Total Credit of SCBs by Population-group
II.6 Share of FinTech Funding in Total Startup Funding in India
II.7 Banks’ Focus on Digital Technologies
II.8 Bank-group wise Focus on Digitalisation and Cyber Security
II.9 NBFC-ICCs’ Focus on Digitalisation and Cyber Security
II.10 Survey on Innovation Adoption by Banks
II.11 Growth in the Issuance of Cards
II.12 Adoption of Cards for Digital Transactions
II.13 Usage of Mobile and Internet Banking by Customers
II.14 Mobile Banking Adoption by Customers vis-à-vis Bank Size
II.15 User Ratings of Mobile Banking Applications
II.16 Bank-group wise Average User Rating of Mobile Banking Applications
II.17 Average User Ratings of Mobile Applications – NBFC-ICCs and LSPs
II.18 Issuance of Prepaid Payment Instruments (PPIs) to Customers
II.19 Overlap in FinTech Activities
II.20 FinTech Collaboration Index of Financial Institutions
II.21 Services Provided through Collaboration between Banks/NBFCs and FinTechs
II.22 Indicators of Embedded Finance in India
II.23 BigTech Sales in India
II.24 Collaborations of BigTechs with Banks for UPI
II.25 BigTech Penetration in UPI Payments
II.26 BigTechs’ Collaborations with FIs for BNPL and Co-branded Credit Cards
II.27 Revenues of B2C e-Commerce Startups in India
II.28 BNPL in e-Commerce – Global Picture
II.29 Digital Lending Ecosystem in India
II.30 Digital Personal Loans of Select SCBs - 2022-23
II.31 Lending by FinTechs Registered as NBFC-ICCs
II.32 Annual Revenue of Select FinTech LSPs
II.33 Lending through e-Commerce Platforms
II.34 Characteristics of Loans using FinTechs
II.35 FinTech Loan Origination by Value in 2022-23
II.36 Distribution of FinTech Personal Loans by Ticket Size
II.37 FinTechs Personal Loans by Average Ticket Size
II.38 FinTechs Personal Loans by Gender
II.39 Share of FinTech Personal Loans by Population Group
II.40 Composition of EMI Options on a BigTech Platform
II.41 Availability of EMIs across Durations
II.42 Flow of Data under AA
II.43 Progress of NBFC-AAs
II.44 Progress in MSME Financing through TReDS
III.1 Open Loop Payment System (UPI’s case)
III.2 Closed Loop Payment System
III.3 Cross-country Trends in Retail Digital Payments
III.4 Relative Importance of Different Forms of Retail Digital Payments, 2022
III.5 Retail Digital Payments as Percentage of Total Retail Payments
III.6 A2A RTP Transactions
III.7 Progress in A2A RTP Payments
III.8 Mobile Money
III.9 Evolution of Payment System Landscape in India
III.10 Payment System in India in a National Innovation Systems (NIS) Framework
III.11 Payment System Operators and Systems
III.12 Payment Systems Landscape in India
III.13 Intensity of Digital Payments Adoption
III.14 Retail Payments Trend
III.15 Timeline of UPI Evolution and Adoption
III.16 Parameters (Weight in Parentheses) and Sub-parameters of RBI’s Digital Payments Index (DPI)
III.17 RBI - Digital Payments Index
III.18 Merchant Digital Payments - Awareness, Adoption and Usage in 2022
III.19 Consumer Digital Payments - Awareness, Adoption and Usage in 2022
III.20 Consumer Digital Payments - by Age Group
III.21 Consumer Digital Payments - by Gender
III.22 Deposit Accounts with Commercial Banks
III.23 Progress in Financial Inclusion (FI Index)
III.24 Currency in Circulation (CiC) to GDP Ratios
III.25 CiC and Digital Payments in India
III.26 India’s Broad Money (M3) and its Components
III.27 Digital Literacy across States and UTs, Rural and Urban Areas Combined
IV.1 Cross-Country Indicators on Digital Infrastructure and Value Added in ICT Digital Infrastructure - 2022
IV.2 Conceptual Framework for Digital Trade
IV.3 Open Economy Digitalisation – A Schematic Presentation
IV.4 Cross-Border Digital and Non-Digital Trade: India vis-à-vis World
IV.5 India’s Trade in ICT Goods
IV.6 Cross-Border Digital Trade in Services: India vis-à-vis World
IV.7 Decomposition of India’s Digitally Delivered Services Trade Growth
IV.8 Digital Trade Estimates: India vis-à-vis World
IV.9 Remittances and Average Sending Cost
IV.10 Population Projections: India vis-à-vis Ageing Economies
IV.11 Remittances to India
IV.12 Banks, MTOs and RemTechs: Forex Margins and Costs
IV.13 Digital Trade Policies – Global Trends
IV.14 Number of Countries with Real Time Payments System
IV.15 Number of Data Centres - 2024
IV.16 Data Centre Density - 2024
IV.17 Data Centres - Investment and Key Drivers
IV.18 Global Enterprise Cloud Strategy
IV.19 Sectoral Mapping of Data Localisation Measures
IV.20 Revenue from Data Centres
IV.21 Global Spending on Cloud and Data Centres
V.1 Reasons behind Adoption of Digital Technologies
V.2 Types of Costs Reduced Following the Adoption of Digital Technologies and Automation
V.3 Impact of Digital Technologies on Customer Acquisition and Retention
V.4 Use of Digital Modes in Banks
V.5 Types of Loans Provided Digitally
V.6 Bank Branches in India
V.7 Expectations about the Role of Physical Branches in the Next Five Years
V.8 Reasons for Continued Importance of Physical Bank Branches
V.9 Current Association between Banks/NBFCs and FinTechs
V.10 Effectiveness of Collaboration between Banks/NBFCs and FinTechs in Driving Digital Innovation
V.11 Implications of New Innovative Digital Technologies on the Existing Business Models
V.12 Primary Challenges Hindering the Successful Adoption of Digital Technologies
V.13 Emerging Digital Technologies Impacting Banking in the Next Five Years
V.14 Motives behind Use of Cloud Computing Services
V.15 Challenges in Using Cloud Computing Services
V.16 Potential Risks and Challenges of the Ongoing Digitalisation for the Financial Sector
V.17 Types of Risks that are Expected to Arise in Future
V.18 Role of Regulations with Respect to FinTechs
V.19 Adequacy of Existing Infrastructure to deal with Major Risks
V.20 Global BNPL Market Size
V.21 Complaints Received under RBI Ombudsman Framework
V.22 Distribution of Loan Origination by Lenders in India during 2023-2024
V.23 Same Day Processing of Personal Loan Applications
V.24 Share of New and Above-Prime Borrowers in FinTech Lending
V.25 Banks’ UPI Downtime in India
V.26 Rolling Regression Estimates of Monetary Policy Transmission
V.27 Global AI Adoption
 
ANNEX
Sr. No.  
I.1 India’s Digital Evolution Timeline
I.2 The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

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