Cheques denominated in currencies other than Indian Rupees such as Euro (€), Pound Sterling (£), US Dollar ($), Yen (¥), etc., are called foreign currency cheques. Foreign currency cheques include demand drafts, personal cheques, banker’s cheques, cashier’s cheques, traveller’s cheques, etc. Since such cheques are not payable in India they are, therefore, required to be sent to the country concerned for realization of proceeds.

Cheques denominated in US Dollars (USD cheques) constitute a major share of foreign currency cheques deposited by customers for realisation. In order to make the USD cheque collection process more efficient and transparent, RBI has advised banks to refine their USD cheque collection procedures and frame their own USD Cheque Collection Policy covering aspects like mode of collection, collection period, charges for collection, etc. This policy shall be made part of their regular Cheque Collection Policy.

Yes. There are various ways of collecting (realising) USD denominated cheques. The collection process followed by banks (presenting banks) varies depending on the institutional arrangements put in place by them. There are basically three types of arrangements adopted by banks–

i. Cash Letter Arrangement (CLA): Cheques are sent by the presenting banks in India to their correspondent banks (CBs) in USA for domestic clearing. Funds are collected (realised) by the CBs and credited to the account of the presenting bank maintained in US. Such accounts are known as NOSTRO accounts. For cheques sent under CLA the CB gives provisional credit to the bank on a pre-determined date (which varies from 7 to 9 days after tendering of cheque to the CB). However, the provisional credit will be subjected to a cooling period. After the cooling period, the customer’s account with the presenting bank in India is credited. In case of secured collection facility, the CB provides a guaranteed credit but at an additional cost.

(Cooling period is the time up to which banks wait after receiving provisional credit for the amount of cheque in their Nostro account for possible return of the cheque under provisions of the laws of USA by the drawee bank, before giving credit to the customers. More details are available under Question 9.)

(Secured Collection is a facility extended by the CBs. Under this facility, the CBs provide guaranteed final credit without recourse within a confirmed time period unlike normal collection service. Hence the collection time period is better under this facility. CBs offering this facility normally fix a cap for the amount of individual cheques collected under the arrangement. The CBs absorb any subsequent recall of payment by the drawee bank as per US laws. The bank offering such service charge an additional amount for giving credit without recourse.)

ii. Direct Collection Arrangement (DCA) : Cheques are sent by the banks in India directly to the drawee banks in USA for collection. Usually collection services ensure receipts of clear funds i.e., risk of return is almost eliminated. Therefore, high value cheques are generally sent under collection though the time taken may be more.

iii. Final Credit Services (FCS) : These services are offered by some CBs. The CB offering the service guarantees confirmed credit against the instrument. Under this arrangement banks receive final credit in their Nostro accounts without any recourse. This service normally does not have any cooling period as the cooling period is factored by the CBs before releasing the clear funds.

iv. Check-21 Facility : The System has been facilitated under Check-21 Legislation. It works more or less like CTS. When using check 21 facility, dealings are cleared utilizing the exchange of check images from bank to bank. It saves time in transit.

A Nostro account is a bank account established in a foreign country usually in the currency of that country for the purpose of carrying out transactions there. For example most commercial banks maintain US dollar accounts with their correspondent banks in USA in order to facilitate settlement of interbank and customer transactions in US dollar.

The charges levied by banks for collection of such USD denominated cheques are dependent on the type of collection arrangement chosen by customers and the number of intermediaries (correspondent banks) involved in the collection process. Each of the CBs will levy their own charges for facilitating the process of collection. All these charges will be in turn levied by the collecting banks in India from the customers. The customer’s account is credited net of collection charges (proceeds minus collection charges)

The basic legal framework for determining rights, responsibilities and liabilities of the parties in connection with collection of USD denominated cheques drawn on US banks are governed by the legal framework as laid down under the US federal and state laws like Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) etc. However, in the event of return of a counterfeit cheque handled through this process, the drawee bank in the US has the right to recover the proceeds from presenting banks within the period stipulated under US Clearing House guidelines.

Yes. Banks have been advised to make their USD Cheque Collection process transparent. Various modes of collection along with the timeframe and charges for collection shall be covered therein. Customers could request for any of the collection modes specified in the USD Cheque Collection Policy based on need, convenience and cost involved.

No. Timeframe for collection of USD cheques will vary depending on the collection mode. The date of credit to the account of the customer will be reckoned based on the date of credit (value date) to the Nostro Account of collecting banks and the cooling period. The time taken by banks for collection of USD cheques normally ranges from 15 to 30 days and may go up to 45 days depending upon the collection arrangement and place at which the instrument is payable. The diversity in the banking and payment systems in USA and laws governing cheque transactions have a significant bearing on the collection time. Based on the mode of collection, banks have been advised to indicate the period for collection of USD cheques in their USD Cheque Collection Policy. The transit time may be reduced by 2 to 3 days by sending the cheques the same day from branches to centralised pooling branch and centralised pooling branch to Correspondent Banks. However, banks have also been advised to explore using faster methods of realisation such as leveraging on Check-21 facility in the US for saving in transit time.

Yes. Cooling period is the time up to which banks wait after receiving provisional credit for the amount of cheque in their Nostro account for possible return of the cheque by the drawee bank under the provisions of the US laws, before giving credit to the customers. Cooling period is dependent on the mode and area of collection and varies from 5-8 days for cheques in New York area and 15-21 days for other cities collected under CLA mode. However, under the FCS mode, banks receive final credit in their Nostro account without any recourse to recall. It does not involve cooling period as this is already factored into by the CBs before releasing the final credit.

No. The collecting banks credit the customer’s account only after expiry of the cooling period as such funds are subject to recall under US laws. Some banks may permit selective withdrawal of funds before the cooling period lapses depending on the customer’s credit worthiness, relationship with the bank, KYC compliance, value of the cheque, etc. It is a commercial decision of the bank. Banks have been advised to formulate their policy on instant credit for small value cheques as part of the USD Cheque Collection Policy.