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जुलाई 12, 2024
भारत की मौद्रिक नीति की भावी तैयारी - माइकल देवब्रत पात्र

Namaskar! Good afternoon I am honoured to be invited to the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), a temple of independent India with a rich and hallowed history that predates independence. I thank Madam Sowjanya for her gentle perseverance and deft management of logistics that made it possible for me to be here. I understand that this is the 18<sup>th</sup> round of phase IV of the Academy’s mid-career training programme. Participants here have already put in 15 to 18 years in the service of the nation and are, therefore, primed

माइकल देवब्रत पात्र, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

Namaskar! Good afternoon I am honoured to be invited to the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA), a temple of independent India with a rich and hallowed history that predates independence. I thank Madam Sowjanya for her gentle perseverance and deft management of logistics that made it possible for me to be here. I understand that this is the 18<sup>th</sup> round of phase IV of the Academy’s mid-career training programme. Participants here have already put in 15 to 18 years in the service of the nation and are, therefore, primed

नवंबर 22, 2023
अनिश्चित समय में जीत: भारतीय अनुभव - शक्तिकान्त दास

I am delighted to participate in this symposium on Indian Economy organised by the Institute of Indian Economic Studies (IIES), Tokyo. I understand this event is being organised by the IIES after a gap of 3 years due to the intervening period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Earlier this year in March 2023, Prof. Sakakibara and Mr. Sugaya had visited the Reserve Bank of India in Mumbai when we discussed about my participation in this symposium.  I would like to convey my sincere thanks and gratitude to Prof. Sakakibara and the IIES for inviting me to participate in this event today.

श्री शक्तिकान्त दास, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

I am delighted to participate in this symposium on Indian Economy organised by the Institute of Indian Economic Studies (IIES), Tokyo. I understand this event is being organised by the IIES after a gap of 3 years due to the intervening period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Earlier this year in March 2023, Prof. Sakakibara and Mr. Sugaya had visited the Reserve Bank of India in Mumbai when we discussed about my participation in this symposium.  I would like to convey my sincere thanks and gratitude to Prof. Sakakibara and the IIES for inviting me to participate in this event today.

सितंबर 05, 2023
मौद्रिक नीति निर्माण की कला: भारतीय संदर्भ - शक्तिकान्त दास

I am delighted to be here with all of you to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee Year of the Delhi School of Economics (DSE). The Delhi School has made a distinct mark as an institution of excellence and very high reputation, both in India and abroad. The list of eminent economists and distinguished alumni associated with the DSE is long and impressive. The School has inspired generations of students to excel in diverse streams such as academia, research, government and corporate sectors. In the Reserve Bank of India, we have also benefitted immensely from the DSE, with a continuous stream of students joining the RBI. It is a matter of pride for me to be part of this momentous year in the history of the institute which has contributed immensely to the policy discourse in India.

2. Today, I have chosen to speak on “Art of Monetary Policy Making: The Indian Context”. As you would be aware, India formally adopted the flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework in 2016, in broad alignment with global trends. The underlying principle of this framework is that a clearly articulated, legislatively mandated numerical inflation target is the best foundation for overall macroeconomic stability. Low and stable inflation helps households and businesses in planning for long-term savings and investments which ultimately drive innovation, productivity and sustainable growth. On the contrary, high and volatile inflation corrodes the economy by denting productivity and the long-term growth potential. Inflation also imposes disproportionate burden on the poor.

3. I have structured my talk in the following sequence: (i) evolution of monetary policy in India, culminating in the adoption of flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework; (ii) key elements of this framework, including the forecasting process; (iii) conduct of monetary policy under the FIT regime; and (iv) monetary policy challenges at the current juncture.

Evolution of Monetary Policy Since Independence

4. During the 1950s and 1960s, as the country embarked upon planned economic development, monetary policy assumed a developmental role of meeting the credit needs of the economy as identified under the five-year plans. Bank nationalisation in 1969 ushered in the era of social banking and led to the credit planning phase (1969-85). This period witnessed widespread use of non-market instruments such as directed credit, administered interest rates and moral suasion.

5. Monetary policy during the 1970s and 1980s was constrained by fiscal dominance, automatic monetisation of budget deficits and excessive growth of monetary aggregates. The large scale deficit financing and the resultant high monetary and credit expansion led to inflationary pressures which were further exacerbated by a series of shocks, namely, the Indo-Pak war of 1971, the drought of 1973, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1973, and global oil price shocks of 1973 and 1979. These events precipitated the adoption of “monetary targeting with feedback” as a formal monetary policy framework in 1985.

श्री शक्तिकान्त दास, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

I am delighted to be here with all of you to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee Year of the Delhi School of Economics (DSE). The Delhi School has made a distinct mark as an institution of excellence and very high reputation, both in India and abroad. The list of eminent economists and distinguished alumni associated with the DSE is long and impressive. The School has inspired generations of students to excel in diverse streams such as academia, research, government and corporate sectors. In the Reserve Bank of India, we have also benefitted immensely from the DSE, with a continuous stream of students joining the RBI. It is a matter of pride for me to be part of this momentous year in the history of the institute which has contributed immensely to the policy discourse in India.

2. Today, I have chosen to speak on “Art of Monetary Policy Making: The Indian Context”. As you would be aware, India formally adopted the flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework in 2016, in broad alignment with global trends. The underlying principle of this framework is that a clearly articulated, legislatively mandated numerical inflation target is the best foundation for overall macroeconomic stability. Low and stable inflation helps households and businesses in planning for long-term savings and investments which ultimately drive innovation, productivity and sustainable growth. On the contrary, high and volatile inflation corrodes the economy by denting productivity and the long-term growth potential. Inflation also imposes disproportionate burden on the poor.

3. I have structured my talk in the following sequence: (i) evolution of monetary policy in India, culminating in the adoption of flexible inflation targeting (FIT) framework; (ii) key elements of this framework, including the forecasting process; (iii) conduct of monetary policy under the FIT regime; and (iv) monetary policy challenges at the current juncture.

Evolution of Monetary Policy Since Independence

4. During the 1950s and 1960s, as the country embarked upon planned economic development, monetary policy assumed a developmental role of meeting the credit needs of the economy as identified under the five-year plans. Bank nationalisation in 1969 ushered in the era of social banking and led to the credit planning phase (1969-85). This period witnessed widespread use of non-market instruments such as directed credit, administered interest rates and moral suasion.

5. Monetary policy during the 1970s and 1980s was constrained by fiscal dominance, automatic monetisation of budget deficits and excessive growth of monetary aggregates. The large scale deficit financing and the resultant high monetary and credit expansion led to inflationary pressures which were further exacerbated by a series of shocks, namely, the Indo-Pak war of 1971, the drought of 1973, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1973, and global oil price shocks of 1973 and 1979. These events precipitated the adoption of “monetary targeting with feedback” as a formal monetary policy framework in 1985.

मई 10, 2023
भारत के युग का उदय - माइकल देबब्रत पात्र

Dr. Basanta Kumar Pradhan, Director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research or IGIDR, Prof Subrata Sarkar, Convenor of the Conference Committee, Faculty Members of IGIDR, Distinguished Alumni of the Institute, Ladies and Gentlemen, Namaskar and Good Afternoon! I am deeply honoured to be invited to inaugurate the IGIDR Alumni Conference which, perhaps for the first time, brings together former students, current students and faculty under the mantle of the alma

डॉ. माइकल देबब्रत पात्र, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

Dr. Basanta Kumar Pradhan, Director, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research or IGIDR, Prof Subrata Sarkar, Convenor of the Conference Committee, Faculty Members of IGIDR, Distinguished Alumni of the Institute, Ladies and Gentlemen, Namaskar and Good Afternoon! I am deeply honoured to be invited to inaugurate the IGIDR Alumni Conference which, perhaps for the first time, brings together former students, current students and faculty under the mantle of the alma

नवंबर 24, 2022
मौद्रिक नीति निर्माण पर एक विनोदी दृष्टि - माइकल देबब्रत पात्र
I am honoured to be invited to this year’s Conclave. In a short span of eight years, the SBI Banking and Economics Conclave has emerged as an important platform of eminence and relevance for deliberating on issues shaping the banking system and more broadly, India’s financial sector. This year, the backdrop is a daunting one. Across the world, monetary policy authorities are engaged in the most aggressive and synchronized tightening in decades. They are resolute in th
डॉ. माइकल देवव्रत पात्रा, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
I am honoured to be invited to this year’s Conclave. In a short span of eight years, the SBI Banking and Economics Conclave has emerged as an important platform of eminence and relevance for deliberating on issues shaping the banking system and more broadly, India’s financial sector. This year, the backdrop is a daunting one. Across the world, monetary policy authorities are engaged in the most aggressive and synchronized tightening in decades. They are resolute in th
नवंबर 15, 2022
संचरण में हानि? वित्तीय बाजार और मौद्रिक नीति - माइकल देबब्रत पात्र
I thank you all for your very valuable participation in this seminar, the third in the series that we began in May 2016. In this context, I want to thank our team in the Financial Markets Regulation Department for making this Seminar happen with physical interactions after a long gap. Given my abiding interest in financial markets, I am particularly grateful to our team for ensuring that I don’t miss this opportunity to be with treasury heads and financial market expe
डॉ. माइकल देवव्रत पात्रा, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
I thank you all for your very valuable participation in this seminar, the third in the series that we began in May 2016. In this context, I want to thank our team in the Financial Markets Regulation Department for making this Seminar happen with physical interactions after a long gap. Given my abiding interest in financial markets, I am particularly grateful to our team for ensuring that I don’t miss this opportunity to be with treasury heads and financial market expe
अगस्त 13, 2022
75वें वर्ष में भारत - माइकल देबब्रत पात्र
Dr. Hrudananda Panda, Regional Director, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Bhubaneswar, distinguished guests of the RBI from the Government of Odisha, academia, banks, financial institutions, industry associations, the media, scholars and students, my colleagues from the RBI, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am deeply honoured to be invited to deliver this address as part of the celebration of the 75th year of our Independence. I thank Dr. Panda for inviting me and more than that,
डॉ. माइकल देवव्रत पात्रा, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Dr. Hrudananda Panda, Regional Director, Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Bhubaneswar, distinguished guests of the RBI from the Government of Odisha, academia, banks, financial institutions, industry associations, the media, scholars and students, my colleagues from the RBI, Ladies and Gentlemen, I am deeply honoured to be invited to deliver this address as part of the celebration of the 75th year of our Independence. I thank Dr. Panda for inviting me and more than that,
जुलाई 09, 2022
मुद्रास्फीति का वैश्वीकरण और मौद्रिक नीति का संचालन - शक्तिकान्त दास

I am delighted to participate in the inaugural Kautilya Economic Conclave. I look forward to this forum emerging as a leading platform for thoughtful discussions on contemporary economic and policy issues. The conference is being attended by a host of dignitaries from India and abroad, and I am sure their insights on a vast canvas of topics will enhance our understanding of current and future issues. In my address today, I propose to focus on a matter that is now in e

श्री शक्तिकान्त दास, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

I am delighted to participate in the inaugural Kautilya Economic Conclave. I look forward to this forum emerging as a leading platform for thoughtful discussions on contemporary economic and policy issues. The conference is being attended by a host of dignitaries from India and abroad, and I am sure their insights on a vast canvas of topics will enhance our understanding of current and future issues. In my address today, I propose to focus on a matter that is now in e

जून 24, 2022
भू-राजनीतिक प्रभाव विस्तार और भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था - माइकल देबब्रत पात्र

Shri Pradeep Multani, President, Shri Saket Dalmia, Senior Vice-President, Shri Sanjeev Agarwal, Vice President, Shri Saurabh Sanyal, Secretary General, Dr. S P Sharma, Chief Economist, esteemed members of the PhD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, eminent dignitaries and friends. I am honoured to be invited to address and interact with you today. I am inspired by the Chamber’s glorious history of 117 years as an apex chamber of national eminence catalysing Indian busi

डॉ. एम. डी. पात्र, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

Shri Pradeep Multani, President, Shri Saket Dalmia, Senior Vice-President, Shri Sanjeev Agarwal, Vice President, Shri Saurabh Sanyal, Secretary General, Dr. S P Sharma, Chief Economist, esteemed members of the PhD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, eminent dignitaries and friends. I am honoured to be invited to address and interact with you today. I am inspired by the Chamber’s glorious history of 117 years as an apex chamber of national eminence catalysing Indian busi

मार्च 04, 2022
मौद्रिक नीति और केंद्रीय बैंक का संप्रेषण – श्री शक्तिकान्त दास
I am happy to have been invited by the National Defence College (NDC) to share some of my thoughts with the participants of the 62nd NDC course on National Security and Strategic Studies. The NDC has earned a reputation for being a centre of excellence in the study and practice of National Security and Strategy. It is good to see a mix of officers of Armed Forces and Civil Services from India as well as from other countries who are participating in this course. In my
श्री शक्तिकान्त दास, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
I am happy to have been invited by the National Defence College (NDC) to share some of my thoughts with the participants of the 62nd NDC course on National Security and Strategic Studies. The NDC has earned a reputation for being a centre of excellence in the study and practice of National Security and Strategy. It is good to see a mix of officers of Armed Forces and Civil Services from India as well as from other countries who are participating in this course. In my
सितंबर 16, 2021
मौद्रिक नीति : महामारी की परीक्षण – माइकल देवव्रत पात्र

Shri Nilesh Shah, Chairman, CII National Committee on Financial Markets, Shri Vishal Kampani, Co-Chair, Ms. Anuradha Salwan, Head, Financial Sector, CII, Ms. Amita Sarkar, Deputy Director General, CII and friends, I am honoured to be invited to deliver the keynote address in this plenary session of the 12th edition of the Financial Markets Summit organized by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Over the years, the Summit has emerged as a flagship event for tak

डॉ. माइकल देवव्रत पात्रा, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

Shri Nilesh Shah, Chairman, CII National Committee on Financial Markets, Shri Vishal Kampani, Co-Chair, Ms. Anuradha Salwan, Head, Financial Sector, CII, Ms. Amita Sarkar, Deputy Director General, CII and friends, I am honoured to be invited to deliver the keynote address in this plenary session of the 12th edition of the Financial Markets Summit organized by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Over the years, the Summit has emerged as a flagship event for tak

जनवरी 24, 2020
भारत की मौद्रिक नीति के सात यगु - शक्तिकान्त दास
I am delighted to be back in my alma mater. Being here, brings back a surge of memories. Today, I wish to dwell upon a few aspects of central banking in the Indian context and RBI’s role in the current situation. I shall specifically focus on the evolution of monetary policy regimes in India and if I am to use the poetic license of Shakespeare, may I call it the seven ages of India’s monetary policy? 2. The history of central banking goes back to the seventeenth centu
श्री शक्तिकान्त दास, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
I am delighted to be back in my alma mater. Being here, brings back a surge of memories. Today, I wish to dwell upon a few aspects of central banking in the Indian context and RBI’s role in the current situation. I shall specifically focus on the evolution of monetary policy regimes in India and if I am to use the poetic license of Shakespeare, may I call it the seven ages of India’s monetary policy? 2. The history of central banking goes back to the seventeenth centu
अप्रैल 13, 2019
उभरती बाजार अर्थव्यवस्थाओं के समक्ष वैश्विक जोखिम एवं नीतिगत चुनौतियाँ - शक्तिकान्त दास
Thank you for inviting me to this forum. I intend to cover some of the global risks and policy challenges from the perspective of emerging market economies (EMEs). We are aware that most EMEs have emerged more resilient than before from a turbulent 2018. For the greater part of 2018, the EMEs faced a wave of global spillover risks leading to capital outflows, currency and asset price volatility and tightened financial conditions. These developments posed risks to grow
श्री शक्तिकान्त दास, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Thank you for inviting me to this forum. I intend to cover some of the global risks and policy challenges from the perspective of emerging market economies (EMEs). We are aware that most EMEs have emerged more resilient than before from a turbulent 2018. For the greater part of 2018, the EMEs faced a wave of global spillover risks leading to capital outflows, currency and asset price volatility and tightened financial conditions. These developments posed risks to grow
मार्च 19, 2019
राजकोषीय संघवाद (फेडरलिजम) पर कुछ विचार - शक्तिकान्त दास
I am honoured to be invited for the launch of the book "Indian Fiscal Federalism" authored by Dr. Y.V. Reddy and Shri G.R. Reddy. This is the latest in a prolific body of work that draws from Dr. Reddy’s hands-on experience with the Indian economy and public policy. These insightful expositions are interwoven with glimpses of Dr. Reddy’s professional life and his 'insider' views. 2. As Governor of the Reserve Bank of India during 2003-2008, after his stint as Deputy G
श्री शक्तिकान्त दास, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
I am honoured to be invited for the launch of the book "Indian Fiscal Federalism" authored by Dr. Y.V. Reddy and Shri G.R. Reddy. This is the latest in a prolific body of work that draws from Dr. Reddy’s hands-on experience with the Indian economy and public policy. These insightful expositions are interwoven with glimpses of Dr. Reddy’s professional life and his 'insider' views. 2. As Governor of the Reserve Bank of India during 2003-2008, after his stint as Deputy G
अक्‍तूबर 26, 2018
स्वतंत्र विनियामकीय संस्थाओं का महत्व – केंद्रीय बैंक का मामला - डॉ. विरल वी. आचार्य, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक द्वारा मुंबई में 26 अक्तूबर 2018 को दिया गया ए. डी. श्रॉफ स्मारक व्याख्यान
कोई भी समरूपता पूर्ण नहीं होती है; फिर भी, समरूपताओं के जरिए बातों को बेहतर ढंग कहने में मदद मिलती है। कई बार, मामूली आदमी भी व्यवहारिक और यहां तक कि अकादमिक बात भी सारगर्भित तरीके से कह देता है। लेकिन, संप्रेषणकर्ता के कार्य को आसान बनाने के उदाहरण असल जीवन में कभी-कभार ही सुंदरता के साथ आते हैं। मैं 2010 की एक घटना के साथ अपनी बात शुरू करता हूं क्योंकि यह मेरे वक्तव्य के विषय के लिए सर्वथा उपयुक्त हैः “इस केन्‍द्रीय बैंक में मेरा समय पूरा हुआ और यही कारण है कि मैंने
डॉ. विरल वी. आचार्य, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
कोई भी समरूपता पूर्ण नहीं होती है; फिर भी, समरूपताओं के जरिए बातों को बेहतर ढंग कहने में मदद मिलती है। कई बार, मामूली आदमी भी व्यवहारिक और यहां तक कि अकादमिक बात भी सारगर्भित तरीके से कह देता है। लेकिन, संप्रेषणकर्ता के कार्य को आसान बनाने के उदाहरण असल जीवन में कभी-कभार ही सुंदरता के साथ आते हैं। मैं 2010 की एक घटना के साथ अपनी बात शुरू करता हूं क्योंकि यह मेरे वक्तव्य के विषय के लिए सर्वथा उपयुक्त हैः “इस केन्‍द्रीय बैंक में मेरा समय पूरा हुआ और यही कारण है कि मैंने
नवंबर 20, 2017
भारत की मौद्रिक नीति समिति के कार्यकाल का एक वर्ष-माइकल देबब्रत पात्र
At 2.30 pm on October 4, 2017 the resolution of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) was released on the website of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and history was made in a small way. Exactly a year ago, a page was turned on a tradition that went back to the origins of the RBI in pre-independent India. The monetary policy decision, hitherto made solely by the Governor of the RBI, was ceded to a six-member committee comprising the Governor as the Chairperson, the Deput
डॉ. एम. डी. पात्र, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
At 2.30 pm on October 4, 2017 the resolution of the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) was released on the website of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and history was made in a small way. Exactly a year ago, a page was turned on a tradition that went back to the origins of the RBI in pre-independent India. The monetary policy decision, hitherto made solely by the Governor of the RBI, was ceded to a six-member committee comprising the Governor as the Chairperson, the Deput
नवंबर 16, 2017
भारत में मौद्रिक नीति का संचरण: यह क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है और इसने ठीक से काम क्यों नहीं किया- विरल वी. आचार्य

When I travel from my residence in Vile Parle (W) to the Reserve Bank of India Central Office in Fort, I pass each way Kenilworth – the birth place of late Homi Jehangir Bhabha. It is a good way to start and end the day, being reminded not just of his immense intellect but also of his deep sense of service to India. I am thus grateful to Professor Dipan Ghosh, who was the Dean of Students during my time at IIT Bombay, for inviting me to speak today in the Homi Bhabha

डॉ. विरल वी. आचार्य, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक

When I travel from my residence in Vile Parle (W) to the Reserve Bank of India Central Office in Fort, I pass each way Kenilworth – the birth place of late Homi Jehangir Bhabha. It is a good way to start and end the day, being reminded not just of his immense intellect but also of his deep sense of service to India. I am thus grateful to Professor Dipan Ghosh, who was the Dean of Students during my time at IIT Bombay, for inviting me to speak today in the Homi Bhabha

सितंबर 28, 2016
कमजोर वैश्विक परिवेश में वित्तीय स्थिरता - एस.एस.मूंदड़ा
At the outset, I extend a very warm welcome to Dr. Hans Genberg, Executive Director, the SEACEN Centre and all the participants of the 7th SEACEN High Level Seminar for Deputy Governors, Financial Stability and Supervision [DG (FSS)] and the delegates of the 7th Annual SEACEN DG Meeting (FSS). It is, indeed, a matter of great honour and privilege for the Reserve Bank of India to host this Seminar and the Annual Meet. The theme of the seminar, “Financial Stability in a
श्री एस.एस. मूंदड़ा, उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
At the outset, I extend a very warm welcome to Dr. Hans Genberg, Executive Director, the SEACEN Centre and all the participants of the 7th SEACEN High Level Seminar for Deputy Governors, Financial Stability and Supervision [DG (FSS)] and the delegates of the 7th Annual SEACEN DG Meeting (FSS). It is, indeed, a matter of great honour and privilege for the Reserve Bank of India to host this Seminar and the Annual Meet. The theme of the seminar, “Financial Stability in a
जुलाई 26, 2016
नीति और साक्ष्य - रघुराम जी राजन
Good morning. It is a pleasure to welcome learned statisticians and economists from across the world to this Statistics Day celebration at the RBI. I am sure you will spend the day discussing advances in the fields of economics and statistics. These discussions will be very valuable. We certainly need to improve the quality and timeliness of our statistics, and big data can be very helpful. What I want to talk about this morning is, however, not the quality or timelin
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Good morning. It is a pleasure to welcome learned statisticians and economists from across the world to this Statistics Day celebration at the RBI. I am sure you will spend the day discussing advances in the fields of economics and statistics. These discussions will be very valuable. We certainly need to improve the quality and timeliness of our statistics, and big data can be very helpful. What I want to talk about this morning is, however, not the quality or timelin
जून 20, 2016
महंगाई के विरुद्ध संघर्ष : हमारे संस्थागत विकास का उपाय - रघुराम जी राजन
I thank the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research for inviting me to give this Foundation Day lecture. I have always seen TIFR with awe from afar. Some explanation is in order. My roommate in my first year at MIT was Dr. Renganathan Iyer, who is one of the smartest mathematicians I know – he used to help me understand my tutorials in real analysis. And he never missed an occasion to tell me how much smarter everyone else at TIFR was. Perhaps Renga was being modest, b
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन, गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
I thank the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research for inviting me to give this Foundation Day lecture. I have always seen TIFR with awe from afar. Some explanation is in order. My roommate in my first year at MIT was Dr. Renganathan Iyer, who is one of the smartest mathematicians I know – he used to help me understand my tutorials in real analysis. And he never missed an occasion to tell me how much smarter everyone else at TIFR was. Perhaps Renga was being modest, b

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