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भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक की आधिकारिक वेबसाइट
भाषण और मीडिया से वार्तालाप
भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक के गवर्नर द्वारा मौद्रिक नीति वक्तव्य- 05 दिसंबर 2025
भाषण
जून 30,
2014
भारत में बैंक: चुनौतियां और अवसर - हारून आर. खान
Smt. Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairman, State Bank of India, Shri. Deepak Parekh, Chairman HDFC, Shri. V. G. Kannan, Chairman, SBI Cap Securities Ltd., Shri. Mani Palivesan, Managing Director, SBI Cap Securities Ltd, distinguished panelists and participants. It is a pleasure to address the BFSI Conference 2014 which features panel discussions on topical issues in banking. The first panel discussion, interestingly, is on Disruptive Themes for Next Decade. The word disru
श्री हरुण आर खान,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Smt. Arundhati Bhattacharya, Chairman, State Bank of India, Shri. Deepak Parekh, Chairman HDFC, Shri. V. G. Kannan, Chairman, SBI Cap Securities Ltd., Shri. Mani Palivesan, Managing Director, SBI Cap Securities Ltd, distinguished panelists and participants. It is a pleasure to address the BFSI Conference 2014 which features panel discussions on topical issues in banking. The first panel discussion, interestingly, is on Disruptive Themes for Next Decade. The word disru
पीडीएफ (
जून 30,
2014
Governance in the Corporate Sector – Certain Perspectives
Mr. Sridharan, President, Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI), Mr. Khare Vice-President, Mr. Sahoo, ladies and gentlemen. Good afternoon. It is my pleasure and privilege to address this gathering today at the conclusion of the 15th National Conference of Practicing Company Secretaries (PCS) held under the aegis of ICSI. When my good friend Mr. Sahoo asked me to address this august gathering, I accepted with alacrity since I am aware that the ICSI has been
Shri G Padmanabhan,
Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India
Mr. Sridharan, President, Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI), Mr. Khare Vice-President, Mr. Sahoo, ladies and gentlemen. Good afternoon. It is my pleasure and privilege to address this gathering today at the conclusion of the 15th National Conference of Practicing Company Secretaries (PCS) held under the aegis of ICSI. When my good friend Mr. Sahoo asked me to address this august gathering, I accepted with alacrity since I am aware that the ICSI has been
जून 17,
2014
वित्तीय क्षेत्र विधायी सुधार समिति रिपोर्ट (एफएसएलआरसी): क्या और कब करें? रघुराम जी. राजन
The Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Committee (FSLRC) Report is one of the most important, well researched, as well as well-publicized reports in Indian financial history. It not only lays out the functions of the financial sector and how it should be structured, but also how legislation and regulation governing it ought to look like. The authors of this report truly have to be commended for their national service. The report’s influence will be felt for many yea
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
The Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Committee (FSLRC) Report is one of the most important, well researched, as well as well-publicized reports in Indian financial history. It not only lays out the functions of the financial sector and how it should be structured, but also how legislation and regulation governing it ought to look like. The authors of this report truly have to be commended for their national service. The report’s influence will be felt for many yea
जून 17,
2014
वित्तीय क्षेत्र में गैर-बैंकिंग वित्तीय कंपनियों की भूमिका: विनियामक चुनौतियां – आर. गांधी
Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen. 2. It is with a great feeling of pride that I stand before you to deliver this oration in memory of the legendary Frank Moraes. I congratulate the United Writers Association and Frank Moraes Foundation for regularly organizing the distinguished Frank Moraes Oration lecture. I join everyone here in congratulating Chevalier Dr. K. Thiagarajan on being accorded with the prestigious Celebrity Champion Honour instituted by Community Welfa
श्री आर. गांधी,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen. 2. It is with a great feeling of pride that I stand before you to deliver this oration in memory of the legendary Frank Moraes. I congratulate the United Writers Association and Frank Moraes Foundation for regularly organizing the distinguished Frank Moraes Oration lecture. I join everyone here in congratulating Chevalier Dr. K. Thiagarajan on being accorded with the prestigious Celebrity Champion Honour instituted by Community Welfa
जून 16,
2014
भारतीय बैंकिंग क्षेत्र: भविष्य को वृद्धि को तेज करने में भूमिका – आर. गांधी
Good evening, Ladies and Gentlemen! 2. It is both an honour and a privilege to attend this important Conference at the Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Kolkata. From humble beginnings in the early 1920s, the ICC has come a long way and has presently evolved into a leading national chamber operating from Kolkata. With banks being the mainstay of the financial system, I am sure that the deliberations in the Conference would have provided important insights to all att
श्री आर. गांधी,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Good evening, Ladies and Gentlemen! 2. It is both an honour and a privilege to attend this important Conference at the Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) in Kolkata. From humble beginnings in the early 1920s, the ICC has come a long way and has presently evolved into a leading national chamber operating from Kolkata. With banks being the mainstay of the financial system, I am sure that the deliberations in the Conference would have provided important insights to all att
जून 10,
2014
न्यू जेनरेशन शहरी सहकारी बैंक – कुछ विचार मंथन - आर. गांधी
Dear Shri Jyotindra Mehta, Chairman, Gujarat Urban Cooperative Banks Federation, Shri V S Das, Director, Centre for Banking Research, Development & Excellence, other dignitaries and delegates. I feel specially privileged to address this Conference of urban co-operative banks, which is very aptly titled “Sahakar Setu-2014” focusing on the theme of “Next-Gen Co-operative Banks”. I am also happy to note that a Centre for Banking Research, Development & Excellence
श्री आर. गांधी,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Dear Shri Jyotindra Mehta, Chairman, Gujarat Urban Cooperative Banks Federation, Shri V S Das, Director, Centre for Banking Research, Development & Excellence, other dignitaries and delegates. I feel specially privileged to address this Conference of urban co-operative banks, which is very aptly titled “Sahakar Setu-2014” focusing on the theme of “Next-Gen Co-operative Banks”. I am also happy to note that a Centre for Banking Research, Development & Excellence
जून 02,
2014
बैंकों में बढ़ती हुई अनर्जक आस्तियां: क्रेडिट रेटिंग एजेंसियों की रेटिंग जवाबदेही और पारदर्शिता की प्रभावक्षमता – आर. गांधी
Shri Jajodia, Shri Narang, Shri Dubey, Shri Kulkarni, Shri Dogra, Shri Khanna, Shri Pathak, other distinguished speakers, Ladies and Gentlemen, a very good morning to everyone! To start with I would like to commend ASSOCHAM for this seminar, for bringing together experts from banking and rating industry, to discuss and debate upon this very pertinent and challenging subject of NPAs and credit rating. A subject like this needs a lot of discussion and thinking, because
श्री आर. गांधी,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Shri Jajodia, Shri Narang, Shri Dubey, Shri Kulkarni, Shri Dogra, Shri Khanna, Shri Pathak, other distinguished speakers, Ladies and Gentlemen, a very good morning to everyone! To start with I would like to commend ASSOCHAM for this seminar, for bringing together experts from banking and rating industry, to discuss and debate upon this very pertinent and challenging subject of NPAs and credit rating. A subject like this needs a lot of discussion and thinking, because
मई 28,
2014
प्रतिस्पर्धा मौद्रिक सहजता के बारे में चिंताएं – रघुराम जी. राजन
Good morning. The world seems to be struggling back to its feet after the great financial crisis, and financial markets are buoyant. This is partly because central bankers are collectively engaged in extreme monetary easing through unconventional policies. I have two worries about this environment. First, unconventional policies tend to be feasible when domestic commercial banks are willing to accumulate significant central bank reserves without question. But those ar
श्री आर. गांधी,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Good morning. The world seems to be struggling back to its feet after the great financial crisis, and financial markets are buoyant. This is partly because central bankers are collectively engaged in extreme monetary easing through unconventional policies. I have two worries about this environment. First, unconventional policies tend to be feasible when domestic commercial banks are willing to accumulate significant central bank reserves without question. But those ar
मई 26,
2014
केवासी : अनुपालन बनाम सुविधा – आर. गांधी
Is KYC a recent phenomenon? KYC was always there in banking! The focus, earlier, was more on the asset side and not on the liability side as no banker could risk parting with his funds to an unknown person. The thorough appraisal process to screen the potential borrowers is a good example of KYC process. Then, issues such as illegal/black money and more recently, terrorism financing became matters of serious concern and then KYC on payments and remittances, and conseq
श्री आर. गांधी,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Is KYC a recent phenomenon? KYC was always there in banking! The focus, earlier, was more on the asset side and not on the liability side as no banker could risk parting with his funds to an unknown person. The thorough appraisal process to screen the potential borrowers is a good example of KYC process. Then, issues such as illegal/black money and more recently, terrorism financing became matters of serious concern and then KYC on payments and remittances, and conseq
मई 20,
2014
Banks Must build a Structure to provide Superior and Efficient Customer Service
Respected Shri Mahajan, Smt Rama Bijapurkar, member, Governing Council, Banking Standards Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI), Shri N Raja, CEO, BCSBI and banker colleagues. At the very outset, I thank Shri Mahajan, Chairman, BCSBI for the kind invitation to address Principal Code Compliance Officers of the BCSBI, this afternoon. I attach a great deal of value to this interaction. The day long deliberations will provide you the opportunity to Brainstorm with PC
Dr. (Smt.) Deepali Pant Joshi,
Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India
Respected Shri Mahajan, Smt Rama Bijapurkar, member, Governing Council, Banking Standards Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI), Shri N Raja, CEO, BCSBI and banker colleagues. At the very outset, I thank Shri Mahajan, Chairman, BCSBI for the kind invitation to address Principal Code Compliance Officers of the BCSBI, this afternoon. I attach a great deal of value to this interaction. The day long deliberations will provide you the opportunity to Brainstorm with PC
मई 20,
2014
बैंकिंग क्षेत्र में प्रतिस्पर्धाः अवसर और चुनौतियां – रघुराम जी. राजन
Good evening. Shri Ashok Chawla, distinguished invitees, our friends from the press, and ladies and gentlemen: It is a great honour to be invited to deliver the Annual Day lecture at the Competition Commission of India. Competition is the life force of a modern economy – it replaces dated and inefficient methods while preserving valuable traditions; it rewards the innovative and energetic and punishes the merely connected; it destroys the stability of the status quo w
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Good evening. Shri Ashok Chawla, distinguished invitees, our friends from the press, and ladies and gentlemen: It is a great honour to be invited to deliver the Annual Day lecture at the Competition Commission of India. Competition is the life force of a modern economy – it replaces dated and inefficient methods while preserving valuable traditions; it rewards the innovative and energetic and punishes the merely connected; it destroys the stability of the status quo w
मई 13,
2014
Credit Scoring
Shri R.K. Dubey, Chairman and Managing Director, Canara Bank of India, other distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. I am happy to be here for the launch of Canara Bank’s credit scoring model for MSMEs. We had recently on November 29, 2013 held a workshop on credit scoring models with experts from IFC, which was fundamentally aimed at capacity building in the banking sector by imparting practical knowhow to Bankers who are expected to use it in their day-to-day op
Dr. (Smt.) Deepali Pant Joshi,
Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India
Shri R.K. Dubey, Chairman and Managing Director, Canara Bank of India, other distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. I am happy to be here for the launch of Canara Bank’s credit scoring model for MSMEs. We had recently on November 29, 2013 held a workshop on credit scoring models with experts from IFC, which was fundamentally aimed at capacity building in the banking sector by imparting practical knowhow to Bankers who are expected to use it in their day-to-day op
मई 09,
2014
चौराहे पर भारतीय बैंकिंग – वैश्वीकरण से वित्तीय समावेशन तक जोखिम प्रबंध की चुनौति – आर. गांधी
Shri Shailesh Vaidya, Chairman, Indian Merchants’ Chamber (IMC), Shri Chandan Bhattacharya, Chairman, Finance and Banking Committee, IMC and delegates to this IMC National Seminar, a very warm good evening! It is an honour for me to be here today to deliver the valedictory address of this National Seminar organised by IMC. The Seminar provides an opportunity to consider the developments in the banking risk management, assess the recent experience in this space and wor
श्री आर. गांधी,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Shri Shailesh Vaidya, Chairman, Indian Merchants’ Chamber (IMC), Shri Chandan Bhattacharya, Chairman, Finance and Banking Committee, IMC and delegates to this IMC National Seminar, a very warm good evening! It is an honour for me to be here today to deliver the valedictory address of this National Seminar organised by IMC. The Seminar provides an opportunity to consider the developments in the banking risk management, assess the recent experience in this space and wor
अप्रैल 23,
2014
Framework for the conduct of macroprudential policy in India: experiences and perspectives
(Reproduced with permission from Financial Stability Review, April 2014 published by Banque de France)
Dr. K.C. Chakrabarty,
Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India
(Reproduced with permission from Financial Stability Review, April 2014 published by Banque de France)
अप्रैल 22,
2014
भारत में मुद्रा प्रबंधः मुद्दे और चुनौतियां – के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Mr. Tom Ferguson, Chairman, Banknote Conference 2014; Mr. Tim Vigotsky, Director, Banknote Conference 2014, my fellow speakers - Mr. Barna Barabas, DMD, Jura Security Printing Alliance; Dr. Wolfram Seidemann, Managing Director, Louisenthal; other delegates; ladies & gentlemen. At the outset, I thank the organizers of Banknote Conference 2014 for inviting me to speak at this august gathering. From the contents of the Conference Schedule and from the feedback that I
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Mr. Tom Ferguson, Chairman, Banknote Conference 2014; Mr. Tim Vigotsky, Director, Banknote Conference 2014, my fellow speakers - Mr. Barna Barabas, DMD, Jura Security Printing Alliance; Dr. Wolfram Seidemann, Managing Director, Louisenthal; other delegates; ladies & gentlemen. At the outset, I thank the organizers of Banknote Conference 2014 for inviting me to speak at this august gathering. From the contents of the Conference Schedule and from the feedback that I
अप्रैल 21,
2014
पूंजी खाते को विनियमित करनाः कुछ विचार – हारून आर. खान
1. It gives me great pleasure to be with you in this beautiful city of Cape Town for the 9thAnnual Conference of the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI). Cape Town is a celebrated tourist destination, particularly at this time of the year. The place and time are ideal for mixing business with pleasure. For me, speaking to you, the pleasure is mixed with some trepidation because we are living in times when there is uncertainty all round not only in th
श्री हरुण आर खान,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
1. It gives me great pleasure to be with you in this beautiful city of Cape Town for the 9thAnnual Conference of the Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India (FEDAI). Cape Town is a celebrated tourist destination, particularly at this time of the year. The place and time are ideal for mixing business with pleasure. For me, speaking to you, the pleasure is mixed with some trepidation because we are living in times when there is uncertainty all round not only in th
अप्रैल 16,
2014
Role of Banking in Development Lead Bank Scheme Development Initiatives by RBI
Dr. (Smt.) Deepali Pant Joshi,
Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India
अप्रैल 10,
2014
प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक मौद्रिक सहजता: क्या एक बार फिर पुराने दिन? – रघुराम जी. राजन
Good morning. As the world seems to be struggling back to its feet after the great financial crisis, I want to draw attention to an area we need to be concerned about: the conduct of monetary policy in this integrated world. A good way to describe the current environment is one of extreme monetary easing through unconventional policies. In a world where debt overhangs and the need for structural change constrain domestic demand, a sizeable portion of the effects of su
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Good morning. As the world seems to be struggling back to its feet after the great financial crisis, I want to draw attention to an area we need to be concerned about: the conduct of monetary policy in this integrated world. A good way to describe the current environment is one of extreme monetary easing through unconventional policies. In a world where debt overhangs and the need for structural change constrain domestic demand, a sizeable portion of the effects of su
अप्रैल 02,
2014
भारतीय ऋण एवं बाजारों का विनियमनः संकटोत्तर प्रतिमान के कुछ दृष्टिकोण – हारून आर. खान
Shri. N. S. Venkatesh, Chairman, Fixed Income Money Market Derivatives Association (FIMMDA), Shri B. Prasanna, Chairman, Primary Dealers Association of India (PDAI), Sri. C.E.S. Azariah, outgoing Chief Executive Officer and Shri Prasad, incoming CEO of the FIMMDA, distinguished speakers and panellists and delegates to the conference. It gives me immense pleasure to be amidst you all for the 15th annual meeting of the FIMMDA and the PDAI in this beautiful, historic cit
श्री हरुण आर खान,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Shri. N. S. Venkatesh, Chairman, Fixed Income Money Market Derivatives Association (FIMMDA), Shri B. Prasanna, Chairman, Primary Dealers Association of India (PDAI), Sri. C.E.S. Azariah, outgoing Chief Executive Officer and Shri Prasad, incoming CEO of the FIMMDA, distinguished speakers and panellists and delegates to the conference. It gives me immense pleasure to be amidst you all for the 15th annual meeting of the FIMMDA and the PDAI in this beautiful, historic cit
अप्रैल 01,
2014
समावेशन, वृद्धि और अभिशासन – मुद्दे और आगामी मार्ग – के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Lord Meghnad Desai, Professor Emeritus, London School of Economics; Shri Rana Kapoor, Managing Director & CEO, Yes Bank and President, ASSOCHAM; Shri Sameer Kochhar, Chairman, SKOCH Group; members of the print and electronic media; ladies and gentlemen! It is a pleasure and privilege for me to be present here today at the inaugural session of this SKOCH Summit which features the theme of ‘Inclusion, Growth and Governance’. The theme of the conference is particular
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Lord Meghnad Desai, Professor Emeritus, London School of Economics; Shri Rana Kapoor, Managing Director & CEO, Yes Bank and President, ASSOCHAM; Shri Sameer Kochhar, Chairman, SKOCH Group; members of the print and electronic media; ladies and gentlemen! It is a pleasure and privilege for me to be present here today at the inaugural session of this SKOCH Summit which features the theme of ‘Inclusion, Growth and Governance’. The theme of the conference is particular
मार्च 25,
2014
Strengthening and Revitalising Rural Cooperative Credit Delivery System
1. I am extremely happy to be with you today and thank Dr. Harsh Kumar Bhanwala, Chairman, NABARD and the organizers of this National Meet of State Cooperative Banks for inviting me to share the Reserve Bank's perspectives. 2. Since inception the Indian Cooperative movement was initiated by the Government to align the rural credit system with the objectives of development planning. The RBI played an important role. The RBI's concern and involvement in the sphere of ru
Dr. (Smt.) Deepali Pant Joshi,
Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India
1. I am extremely happy to be with you today and thank Dr. Harsh Kumar Bhanwala, Chairman, NABARD and the organizers of this National Meet of State Cooperative Banks for inviting me to share the Reserve Bank's perspectives. 2. Since inception the Indian Cooperative movement was initiated by the Government to align the rural credit system with the objectives of development planning. The RBI played an important role. The RBI's concern and involvement in the sphere of ru
मार्च 21,
2014
ऋण सूचना को कार्य में परिवर्तित करनाः मुद्दे और चुनौतियां – के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Shri M.V.Nair, Chairman, CIBIL; Shri R.V.Verma, CMD, National Housing Bank; Shri M.V.Tanksale, Chief Executive, Indian Banks’ Association; Shri Rajiv Sabharwal, Executive Director, ICICI Bank; Shri Arun Thukral, Managing Director, CIBIL; Shri Satish Pillai, Chief Operating Officer, CIBIL; delegates to the Conference; friends from the media fraternity; ladies and gentlemen! It is a pleasure for me to be present here this morning to deliver the keynote address at the Si
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Shri M.V.Nair, Chairman, CIBIL; Shri R.V.Verma, CMD, National Housing Bank; Shri M.V.Tanksale, Chief Executive, Indian Banks’ Association; Shri Rajiv Sabharwal, Executive Director, ICICI Bank; Shri Arun Thukral, Managing Director, CIBIL; Shri Satish Pillai, Chief Operating Officer, CIBIL; delegates to the Conference; friends from the media fraternity; ladies and gentlemen! It is a pleasure for me to be present here this morning to deliver the keynote address at the Si
मार्च 11,
2014
Efficient systems and Proficient banks
Shri Sambamurthy, Dr Ramasastri, Dr Gulshan Rai, CIOs of banks, faculty and staff of IDRBT, ladies and gentlemen. I would like to express my gratitude to the Director for inviting me to deliver the keynote address at the two day Conference for the Chief Information Officers (CIO) of banks. I addressed a similar forum of CIOs in December 2012 at this very venue. I recollect that I had left the audience with a few questions for further deliberations in the Conference. I
Shri G Padmanabhan,
Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India
Shri Sambamurthy, Dr Ramasastri, Dr Gulshan Rai, CIOs of banks, faculty and staff of IDRBT, ladies and gentlemen. I would like to express my gratitude to the Director for inviting me to deliver the keynote address at the two day Conference for the Chief Information Officers (CIO) of banks. I addressed a similar forum of CIOs in December 2012 at this very venue. I recollect that I had left the audience with a few questions for further deliberations in the Conference. I
मार्च 11,
2014
Regulation of Indian Debt & Derivatives Markets : Some thoughts on post - crisis paradigm
Shri Harun R Khan,
Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India
मार्च 04,
2014
Financial Inclusion - The Indian Model – Challenges and Prospects
Dr. (Smt.) Deepali Pant Joshi,
Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India
फ़रवरी 26,
2014
मुद्रास्फीति से मुकाबला - रघुराम जी. राजन
Thank you for inviting me. The Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA) has been playing an important role in the Indian bond, money and derivatives markets. It has been working with the Reserve Bank in various capacities and has helped us address emerging challenges. I thank all of you for that. The sessions in the conference are all of current interest, and therefore I have chosen to speak on an issue, inflation, which is of paramount
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Thank you for inviting me. The Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA) has been playing an important role in the Indian bond, money and derivatives markets. It has been working with the Reserve Bank in various capacities and has helped us address emerging challenges. I thank all of you for that. The sessions in the conference are all of current interest, and therefore I have chosen to speak on an issue, inflation, which is of paramount
फ़रवरी 25,
2014
Bold face of India’s economy speaks out
Emerging markets Jacob Greber and Greg Earl report on governor with an impeccable pedigree Raghuram Rajan represents the bold face of India’s potential new economy – impeccably credentialed, upbeat and ready to force himself onto centre stage in the global debate about the reshaping of the world economy. Appointed as governor of the Reserve Bank of India in September, Rajan has taken no time to make himself heard in international financial markets. Last month he too
Dr. Raghuram G. Rajan,
Governor, Reserve Bank of India
Emerging markets Jacob Greber and Greg Earl report on governor with an impeccable pedigree Raghuram Rajan represents the bold face of India’s potential new economy – impeccably credentialed, upbeat and ready to force himself onto centre stage in the global debate about the reshaping of the world economy. Appointed as governor of the Reserve Bank of India in September, Rajan has taken no time to make himself heard in international financial markets. Last month he too
फ़रवरी 15,
2014
वित्तीय विनियमन: कौन सा अगला मार्ग ? – दीपक मोहंती
I thank Prof. Rajas Parchure for inviting me to this Economic Conclave at the Gokhale Institute. The Conclave has brought together eminent scholars and policy practitioners to brainstorm on issues of contemporary relevance to the Indian economy. Such interchange of ideas is important not only in encouraging research but also in shaping the contours of policymaking. While the recent global financial crisis taught us several lessons, one key message has been the weaknes
श्री दीपक मोहंती,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
I thank Prof. Rajas Parchure for inviting me to this Economic Conclave at the Gokhale Institute. The Conclave has brought together eminent scholars and policy practitioners to brainstorm on issues of contemporary relevance to the Indian economy. Such interchange of ideas is important not only in encouraging research but also in shaping the contours of policymaking. While the recent global financial crisis taught us several lessons, one key message has been the weaknes
फ़रवरी 13,
2014
समावेशी विकास और इसमें प्रौद्योगिकी की भूमिका – रघुराम जी. राजन
Thank you for inviting me to speak here today. Shri D.R. Gadgil is well known not only as an economist but also as a great educationist and a statesman, having served as a member of Rajya Sabha. We all know of the great contribution he made towards the distribution of plan transfers amongst the Indian states through the famous ‘Gadgil Formula’. The Gadgil formula attempted to ensure that there was objectivity in distribution of funds amongst the states in India. He wr
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Thank you for inviting me to speak here today. Shri D.R. Gadgil is well known not only as an economist but also as a great educationist and a statesman, having served as a member of Rajya Sabha. We all know of the great contribution he made towards the distribution of plan transfers amongst the Indian states through the famous ‘Gadgil Formula’. The Gadgil formula attempted to ensure that there was objectivity in distribution of funds amongst the states in India. He wr
फ़रवरी 12,
2014
वित्तीय समावेशन: प्रौद्योगिकी, संस्थाएं और नीतियां- रघुराम जी. राजन
Distinguished members of NASSCOM and distinguished guests: Thank you for inviting me to speak here today. The Indian information and communications technology industry that you represent has a proud history of accomplishment. You have done India great service, not just by creating a world class industry but also by showing the rest of us what is possible. I am hopeful that financial firms can join hands with you to build a technology-enabled financial sector that can
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Distinguished members of NASSCOM and distinguished guests: Thank you for inviting me to speak here today. The Indian information and communications technology industry that you represent has a proud history of accomplishment. You have done India great service, not just by creating a world class industry but also by showing the rest of us what is possible. I am hopeful that financial firms can join hands with you to build a technology-enabled financial sector that can
फ़रवरी 07,
2014
भारतीय बैंकों में मानव संसाधन चुनौतियां: ‘कर्मचारियों की फूलप्रूफींग- के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Smt. Meena Hemchandra, Principal, College of Agricultural Banking (CAB), Pune; Shri R.K.Gupta, Executive Director, Bank of Maharashtra; delegates to the Conference; ladies and gentlemen! I thank the Principal, CAB for inviting me to inaugurate this conference of HR heads of banks and financial institutions. I feel the choice of theme for the Conference i.e. “Future Proofing of Banking Personnel” is quite interesting. Given that this Conference is now in its 7th year,
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Smt. Meena Hemchandra, Principal, College of Agricultural Banking (CAB), Pune; Shri R.K.Gupta, Executive Director, Bank of Maharashtra; delegates to the Conference; ladies and gentlemen! I thank the Principal, CAB for inviting me to inaugurate this conference of HR heads of banks and financial institutions. I feel the choice of theme for the Conference i.e. “Future Proofing of Banking Personnel” is quite interesting. Given that this Conference is now in its 7th year,
फ़रवरी 03,
2014
भारतीय बैंकिंग: नया परिदृश्य – के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Sukumar and Tamal, thank you very much, for this invite. I am happy to note that you and your paper- the Mint, have been focussing on the process of change for the Indian banking that is presently underway. I see that in many of its writings. By organizing this discussion on ‘Indian Banking: The New Landscape’, it will further spur thoughts and debates in this area. That this discussion has drawn several doyens of the Indian banking, is a testimony to the importance o
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Sukumar and Tamal, thank you very much, for this invite. I am happy to note that you and your paper- the Mint, have been focussing on the process of change for the Indian banking that is presently underway. I see that in many of its writings. By organizing this discussion on ‘Indian Banking: The New Landscape’, it will further spur thoughts and debates in this area. That this discussion has drawn several doyens of the Indian banking, is a testimony to the importance o
जनवरी 29,
2014
वित्तीय समावेशन के लिए अपनाई गई कार्यनीति – दीपाली पंत जोशी
One of the major challenges for next decade or more to banks in the country is to capture the banking business of over 50% population of this country of over 1.2 billion people. Poor people need to be provided with access to financial products at low transaction cost. They need to be provided assistance on the demand side (in terms of financial awareness and literacy) as well as on the supply side (in the form of availability of customized financial products). Taking
डॉ. (श्रीमती) दीपाली पंत जोशी,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
One of the major challenges for next decade or more to banks in the country is to capture the banking business of over 50% population of this country of over 1.2 billion people. Poor people need to be provided with access to financial products at low transaction cost. They need to be provided assistance on the demand side (in terms of financial awareness and literacy) as well as on the supply side (in the form of availability of customized financial products). Taking
जनवरी 24,
2014
गैर-बैंकिंग वित्तीय कंपनियां: खेल परिवर्तक – पी. विजय भास्कर
Introduction The Indian financial sector consists of a wide variety of institutions which cater to different market segments. At the apex level are scheduled commercial banks which follow universal banking model. Next, there is the cooperative banking sector with two different strands. While the three Tier rural co-operative structure (State/District/grassroot level outfits), takes care predominantly of agriculture and allied activities; the urban co-operative banking
श्री पी. विजय भास्कर,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
Introduction The Indian financial sector consists of a wide variety of institutions which cater to different market segments. At the apex level are scheduled commercial banks which follow universal banking model. Next, there is the cooperative banking sector with two different strands. While the three Tier rural co-operative structure (State/District/grassroot level outfits), takes care predominantly of agriculture and allied activities; the urban co-operative banking
जनवरी 20,
2014
हाल की वैश्विक गतिविधियां: उभरते बाजारों और विकासशील देशों में ऋण प्रबंध का प्रभाव – हारून आर. खान
A very good morning to all. A warm welcome to Governor, Central Bank of Afghanistan, Deputy Governors of Bhutan and Nepal, officials from Government of India, executives of SAARC Secretariat and member countries and my colleagues from the Reserve Bank of India to the beautiful city of Jaipur. My special welcome to chairpersons and speakers for having accepted our invitation to share their expertise/knowledge on different areas of debt management with all of us. 2. A l
श्री हरुण आर खान,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
A very good morning to all. A warm welcome to Governor, Central Bank of Afghanistan, Deputy Governors of Bhutan and Nepal, officials from Government of India, executives of SAARC Secretariat and member countries and my colleagues from the Reserve Bank of India to the beautiful city of Jaipur. My special welcome to chairpersons and speakers for having accepted our invitation to share their expertise/knowledge on different areas of debt management with all of us. 2. A l
जनवरी 15,
2014
वैश्विक चलनिधि और वित्तीय संक्रमण – दीपक मोहंती
I thank Mrs. Usha Thorat, Director, Centre for Advanced Financial Research and Learning (CAFRAL) for the opportunity of being a part of this very distinguished panel. With the “great moderation” of high growth and low inflation, consideration of liquidity almost fell off from the lexicon of central banks. Arguably, with central banks targeting interest rates, liquidity becomes endogenous. Of course, liquidity is the flip side of the same coin. If one were to target a
श्री दीपक मोहंती,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
I thank Mrs. Usha Thorat, Director, Centre for Advanced Financial Research and Learning (CAFRAL) for the opportunity of being a part of this very distinguished panel. With the “great moderation” of high growth and low inflation, consideration of liquidity almost fell off from the lexicon of central banks. Arguably, with central banks targeting interest rates, liquidity becomes endogenous. Of course, liquidity is the flip side of the same coin. If one were to target a
जनवरी 13,
2014
भारत में हाल की खाद्य मुद्रास्फीति इतनी स्थायी क्यों है? – दीपक मोहंती
It is an honour for me to deliver this year’s Annual Lalit Doshi Memorial Lecture. I thank Principal Dr. Fr. Frazer Mascarenhas, Dr. Aditi Sawant and Ms. Nikita Kohli for this opportunity. The St. Xavier's College has the distinction of producing many leaders and intellectuals, and Lalit Doshi was a giant among them. He was an accomplished economic administrator and thinker. He made immense policy contributions to aid the industrial progress in our country, and in par
श्री दीपक मोहंती,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
It is an honour for me to deliver this year’s Annual Lalit Doshi Memorial Lecture. I thank Principal Dr. Fr. Frazer Mascarenhas, Dr. Aditi Sawant and Ms. Nikita Kohli for this opportunity. The St. Xavier's College has the distinction of producing many leaders and intellectuals, and Lalit Doshi was a giant among them. He was an accomplished economic administrator and thinker. He made immense policy contributions to aid the industrial progress in our country, and in par
दिसंबर 26,
2013
अपारंपरिक मौद्रिक नीति :संकट के प्रति कार्रवाई और नीतिगत गमन का भारतीय अनुभव – दीपक मोहंती
I thank Principal Uma Subramaniam for this opportunity to interact with you on unconventional monetary policy. The seminar is topical and timely. It is now 5 years since the collapse of the Lehman Brothers in September 2008, which evoked unprecedented monetary policy activism – both conventional and unconventional - across the advanced and emerging market economies (EMEs). It is for the first time on December 18, 2013 that the US Fed announced concrete measures to exi
श्री दीपक मोहंती,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
I thank Principal Uma Subramaniam for this opportunity to interact with you on unconventional monetary policy. The seminar is topical and timely. It is now 5 years since the collapse of the Lehman Brothers in September 2008, which evoked unprecedented monetary policy activism – both conventional and unconventional - across the advanced and emerging market economies (EMEs). It is for the first time on December 18, 2013 that the US Fed announced concrete measures to exi
दिसंबर 19,
2013
मिजोरम में आर्थिक और वित्तीय गतिविधियां – दीपक मोहंती
I am happy to be in this picturesque state of Mizoram, the land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. The state has a strategic location as it shares much of its border with Bangladesh and Myanmar. It covers 0.6 per cent of the national geographic area and accounts for 0.1 per cent of national population. With second highest literacy rate in the country, the state has great potential for economic development. Access to finance is an important prerequisite for e
श्री दीपक मोहंती,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
I am happy to be in this picturesque state of Mizoram, the land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. The state has a strategic location as it shares much of its border with Bangladesh and Myanmar. It covers 0.6 per cent of the national geographic area and accounts for 0.1 per cent of national population. With second highest literacy rate in the country, the state has great potential for economic development. Access to finance is an important prerequisite for e
दिसंबर 13,
2013
शिष्टाचार और कंपनी अभिशासन –विनियामक दृष्टिकोण –दीपाली पंत जोशी
Introduction At the outset, let me congratulate the organisers for this topical choice of subject, one which concerns us all. I thank Director, National Institute of Securities Markets, Dr.Sandip Ghose and the Institute of Company Secretaries for having me here and my dear friend, Prashant Saran, for that brilliant opening address, which quite sets the tone for this panel. Que Custodiet Ipso Custodes? Who will guard the guards ? Over the last two decades, corporate go
डॉ. (श्रीमती) दीपाली पंत जोशी,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
Introduction At the outset, let me congratulate the organisers for this topical choice of subject, one which concerns us all. I thank Director, National Institute of Securities Markets, Dr.Sandip Ghose and the Institute of Company Secretaries for having me here and my dear friend, Prashant Saran, for that brilliant opening address, which quite sets the tone for this panel. Que Custodiet Ipso Custodes? Who will guard the guards ? Over the last two decades, corporate go
दिसंबर 12,
2013
वित्तीय क्षेत्र सुधार – रघुराम जी. राजन
The economy is stabilizing, but there is no room for complacency. Some part of improvement in the CAD has happened due to suppressing gold imports. Not all the measures to reduce fiscal deficit are of high quality. We have considerable work to do still. At the same time the country faces elections next year. A stable government post elections, while likely, cannot be taken for granted. This implies that all parties have to work together today to ensure that any govern
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
The economy is stabilizing, but there is no room for complacency. Some part of improvement in the CAD has happened due to suppressing gold imports. Not all the measures to reduce fiscal deficit are of high quality. We have considerable work to do still. At the same time the country faces elections next year. A stable government post elections, while likely, cannot be taken for granted. This implies that all parties have to work together today to ensure that any govern
दिसंबर 10,
2013
भारत में वित्तीय समावेशन – एक आकलन- पी. विजय भास्कर
“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human right, the right to dignity and a decent life. While poverty persists, there is no true freedom. Sometimes it falls upon a generation to be great. You can be that great generation. Let your greatness blossom. Of course, the task will not be easy. But not to do this would be a crime against humanity, against which I ask all humanity now to rise up." - N
श्री पी. विजय भास्कर,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
“Overcoming poverty is not a gesture of charity. It is an act of justice. It is the protection of a fundamental human right, the right to dignity and a decent life. While poverty persists, there is no true freedom. Sometimes it falls upon a generation to be great. You can be that great generation. Let your greatness blossom. Of course, the task will not be easy. But not to do this would be a crime against humanity, against which I ask all humanity now to rise up." - N
दिसंबर 09,
2013
चल वित्तीय सक्षमता फारवर्ड: नवोन्मेष पैमाना और प्रभाव- दीपाली पंत जोशी
Dear friends , I am honoured to be here today at the tenth anniversary of the summit on financial literacy and thank Citi and FT for having me here, and of course, my friend David Pilling for the opportunity to share the India experience. David we are out of the woods! I confirm this. As all the people in this room know, financial literacy has emerged as a focus area for policy makers all across the globe, in the wake of the global financial crisis. Financial literacy
डॉ. (श्रीमती) दीपाली पंत जोशी,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
Dear friends , I am honoured to be here today at the tenth anniversary of the summit on financial literacy and thank Citi and FT for having me here, and of course, my friend David Pilling for the opportunity to share the India experience. David we are out of the woods! I confirm this. As all the people in this room know, financial literacy has emerged as a focus area for policy makers all across the globe, in the wake of the global financial crisis. Financial literacy
दिसंबर 05,
2013
फेमा की व्यवस्था– उभरती चुनौतियां – जी. पद्मनाभन
DG Shri H R Khan, Chairman, Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India, Officials from the Authorised Dealer Banks, and my colleagues from RBI from all over the country, 1. A very good morning and welcome to this historic city of Agra. It is customary in these annual gatherings to take stock of the developments in the area of foreign exchange management over the preceding one year and discuss the context and content of the in-the-pipeline changes contemplated. The
श्री जी पद्मनाभन,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
DG Shri H R Khan, Chairman, Foreign Exchange Dealers Association of India, Officials from the Authorised Dealer Banks, and my colleagues from RBI from all over the country, 1. A very good morning and welcome to this historic city of Agra. It is customary in these annual gatherings to take stock of the developments in the area of foreign exchange management over the preceding one year and discuss the context and content of the in-the-pipeline changes contemplated. The
दिसंबर 04,
2013
क्रेडिट स्कोरिंग: सूक्ष्म और लघु उद्यमों (एमएसई) के लिए समय पर और पर्याप्त ऋण की उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित करने का प्रभावी तरीका – के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Ms. Jennifer Isern, Manager, South Asia Advisory Services, International Finance Corporation (IFC); Shri S.K. Dubey, CMD, Canara Bank; Shri H.S.U. Kamath, CMD, Vijaya Bank; Smt. Archana Bhargava, CMD, United Bank of India; Shri Ashwini Kumar, CMD, Dena Bank; Shri S.R. Bansal, CMD, Corporation Bank; Shri Sushil Muhnot, CMD, Bank of Maharashtra; Dr. Deepali Pant Joshi, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India; Executive Directors and other senior officials from various
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Ms. Jennifer Isern, Manager, South Asia Advisory Services, International Finance Corporation (IFC); Shri S.K. Dubey, CMD, Canara Bank; Shri H.S.U. Kamath, CMD, Vijaya Bank; Smt. Archana Bhargava, CMD, United Bank of India; Shri Ashwini Kumar, CMD, Dena Bank; Shri S.R. Bansal, CMD, Corporation Bank; Shri Sushil Muhnot, CMD, Bank of Maharashtra; Dr. Deepali Pant Joshi, Executive Director, Reserve Bank of India; Executive Directors and other senior officials from various
नवंबर 29,
2013
वित्तीय समावेशनः अब तक की यात्रा और अगली रूपरेखा –दीपाली पंत जोशी
1. Mr Tamal Bandopadhyay Deputy Managing Director, Mr Sukumar, Editor Mint, distinguished guests ,ladies and gentlemen ,at the very outset let me say that I am extremely happy to be here with you this beautiful evening and thank the Editor Mint for having me here, to share with you the RBI perspectives on the Financial Inclusion. I extend warm congratulations to Mint on celebrating a decade of engagement with these issues which concern us all. 2. Dr. Raghuram Rajan, h
डॉ. (श्रीमती) दीपाली पंत जोशी,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
1. Mr Tamal Bandopadhyay Deputy Managing Director, Mr Sukumar, Editor Mint, distinguished guests ,ladies and gentlemen ,at the very outset let me say that I am extremely happy to be here with you this beautiful evening and thank the Editor Mint for having me here, to share with you the RBI perspectives on the Financial Inclusion. I extend warm congratulations to Mint on celebrating a decade of engagement with these issues which concern us all. 2. Dr. Raghuram Rajan, h
नवंबर 18,
2013
बैंकों में ऋण प्रबंध के दो दशक: पीछे देखकर आगे बढ़ना – के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Presentation Shri K.R. Kamath, Chairman, IBA and Chairman, Punjab National Bank; Smt. V.R. Iyer, Chairperson, Bank of India; CMDs of banks, delegates to the BANCON 2013; members of the print and electronic media; my other colleagues from the banking fraternity; ladies and gentlemen! At the outset let me thank the Indian Banks’ Association and the Bank of India for giving me this opportunity to share my thoughts with you from the platform of BANCON. This annual event i
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Presentation Shri K.R. Kamath, Chairman, IBA and Chairman, Punjab National Bank; Smt. V.R. Iyer, Chairperson, Bank of India; CMDs of banks, delegates to the BANCON 2013; members of the print and electronic media; my other colleagues from the banking fraternity; ladies and gentlemen! At the outset let me thank the Indian Banks’ Association and the Bank of India for giving me this opportunity to share my thoughts with you from the platform of BANCON. This annual event i
नवंबर 15,
2013
भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक की वित्तीय क्षेत्र नीतियों के पांच स्तंभ – रघुराम जी. राजन
Good evening. I thank the organisers for inviting me. These are challenging times for the Indian economy, but I have dwelt on those near-term challenges elsewhere. Let me turn instead to the opportunities we have to make India a far better place than it is today, focussing in particular on finance. Much of the world is ageing, facing the demographic tax of having to pay for an increasingly elderly population with a shrinking work force. Much of the world has run out o
डॉ. रघुराम जी. राजन,
गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Good evening. I thank the organisers for inviting me. These are challenging times for the Indian economy, but I have dwelt on those near-term challenges elsewhere. Let me turn instead to the opportunities we have to make India a far better place than it is today, focussing in particular on finance. Much of the world is ageing, facing the demographic tax of having to pay for an increasingly elderly population with a shrinking work force. Much of the world has run out o
नवंबर 13,
2013
सतर्कता प्रशासन: सार्वजनिक जीवन में सत्यनिष्ठा को प्रोत्साहन – के.सी. चक्रवर्ती
Shri A. K. Handa, Chairman, Centre For Integrity, Governance & Training on Vigilance Administration (CIGVA); Shri S .K. Goel, former CMD, UCO Bank; Shri R.V. Verma, Chairman, NHB; other officials of CIGVA; delegates to this seminar on Vigilance Administration, ladies and gentlemen! At the outset, let me congratulate CIGVA and Shri Handa for creating an institutional forum which seeks to strengthen the governance processes with an underlying objective of bringing a
डॉ. के.सी. चक्रवर्ती,
उप गवर्नर, भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Shri A. K. Handa, Chairman, Centre For Integrity, Governance & Training on Vigilance Administration (CIGVA); Shri S .K. Goel, former CMD, UCO Bank; Shri R.V. Verma, Chairman, NHB; other officials of CIGVA; delegates to this seminar on Vigilance Administration, ladies and gentlemen! At the outset, let me congratulate CIGVA and Shri Handa for creating an institutional forum which seeks to strengthen the governance processes with an underlying objective of bringing a
नवंबर 11,
2013
वाणिज्यिक बैंकों के लिए प्रशिक्षण – जी. गोपालकृष्ण
Honorable Chancellor Shri Vinay Hegde, Professor Dr. Ramananda Shetty, Dr. Shantaram Shetty, Dr. Thingalaya, Shri S.K. Jain, CMD, Syndicate Bank, Shri S.R. Bansal, CMD, Corporation Bank, Shri Anantha krishna, Chairman, Karnataka Bank, ladies and gentlemen. It gives me immense pleasure to inaugurate the academic block of NITTE Institute of Banking and Finance. It is an opportune time as also the need of the hour to enhance professional skills of bankers since we are po
श्री जी. गोपालकृष्ण,
कार्यपालक निदेशक, रिज़र्व बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
Honorable Chancellor Shri Vinay Hegde, Professor Dr. Ramananda Shetty, Dr. Shantaram Shetty, Dr. Thingalaya, Shri S.K. Jain, CMD, Syndicate Bank, Shri S.R. Bansal, CMD, Corporation Bank, Shri Anantha krishna, Chairman, Karnataka Bank, ladies and gentlemen. It gives me immense pleasure to inaugurate the academic block of NITTE Institute of Banking and Finance. It is an opportune time as also the need of the hour to enhance professional skills of bankers since we are po
आरबीआई मोबाइल एप्लीकेशन इंस्टॉल करें और लेटेस्ट न्यूज़ का तुरंत एक्सेस पाएं!
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पृष्ठ अंतिम बार अपडेट किया गया: दिसंबर 03, 2025
